Multicultural Law Enforcement 6th Edition Shusta Test Bank

1. Part One Impact of Cultural Diversity on Law Enforcement
2. Chapter 1 Multicultural Communities Challenges for Law Enforcement
3. Learning Objectives
4. Outline
5. Introduction
6. The Interface of Diversity and Law Enforcement
7. The Melting Pot Myth and the Mosaic
8. Reactions to Multiculturalism: Past and Present
9. Changing Population
10. Minority Populations
11. Immigrants and Refugees
12. Unauthorized Immigrants and Related Terminology
13. Further Distinctions between Immigrants and Refugees
14. Anti-Immigrant Sentiment
15. Community Policing Outreach to Immigrants and Refugees
16. Typology of Immigrants and Refugees
17. Typology of Immigrant, Refugee, and Minority Individuals
18. European Americans
19. Unauthorized Immigrants: Demographic Information
20. Unauthorized Immigrants: Background Information
21. Unauthorized Immigrants: Fear of Deportation
22. Unauthorized Immigrants: The “U” Visa and the Safe Reporting of Crimes
23. Immigrant Women: Victims of Domestic Violence
24. Immigrant Barriers to Positive Relationships with Police
25. Culture and its Relevance to Law Enforcement
26. The Definition of Culture
27. Mini Case Studies and Cultural Practices: Does Culture Matter?
28. 1. Culture Matters? The Sword in a Public Park
29. 2. Culture Matters? The Turban and the Kirpan
30. 3. Culture Matters? A Tragic Case of Cross-Cultural Misinterpretation
31. 4. Culture Matters? Latino Values as a Factor in Sentencing
32. Dimensions of Diversity
33. Primary Dimensions of Diversity
34. Secondary Dimensions of Diversity
35. Further Diversity within and among Ethnic Groups in the United States
36. Prejudice in Law Enforcement*
37. Prejudice and Bias
38. How Prejudice Influences People
39. Peer Relationships and Prejudice
40. Summary
41. Discussion Questions and Issues
42. References
43. Chapter 2 The Changing Law Enforcement Agency A Microcosm of Society
44. Learning Objectives
45. Outline
46. Introduction
47. Changing Workforce
48. Law Enforcement Diversity: A Microcosm of Society
49. Racism Within the Law Enforcement Workforce
50. Defusing Racially and Culturally Rooted Conflicts
51. Conflict Resolution Tips
52. Departmental General Order for Control of Prejudicial Conduct
53. Police Fraternal Organizations
54. Assignments Based on Diversity
55. Women in Law Enforcement
56. Women in the Workforce
57. Number of Women in Law Enforcement
58. Workplace Issues
59. Sexual Harassment
60. Gender Discrimination
61. Role Barriers
62. The Brotherhood
63. A Double Standard
64. Differential Treatment
65. Career versus Family
66. Mentor and Informal Networking Programs for Women
67. The Transition of Women into Law Enforcement
68. Sexual Orientation in Law Enforcement
69. Policy versus Practice
70. Recruitment
71. The Controversy
72. Differences in Treatment of Gay versus Lesbian Officers
73. The Transition of LGBT Individuals into Law Enforcement
74. Policies against Discrimination and Harassment
75. Statutes and Company Policy Pertaining to Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation
76. Training on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Issues
77. Domestic Violence in LGBT Relationships
78. Gender-Neutral Terminology
79. Transgender Policies, Protocol, and Training
80. Mini Case Study: How Should This Situation Have Been Handled by the Police Department?
81. Support Groups for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Officers
82. Police Leadership, Professionalism, and Synergy
83. Leadership
84. Professionalism
85. Synergy
86. Supervisors, Managers, and the Chief Executive
87. Demonstrating Commitment
88. Developing Strategic, Implementation, and Transition Management Plans
89. Managing Organizational Change
90. Developing Police–Community Partnerships
91. Providing New Leadership Models
92. Summary
93. Discussion Questions and Issues
94. References
95. Chapter 3 Multicultural Representation in Law Enforcement Recruitment, Retention, and Promotion
96. Learning Objectives
97. Outline
98. Introduction
99. Recruitment of a Diverse Workforce
100. Recruitment Crisis and Trends
101. Good economy
102. Bad economy
103. Turning the Corner
104. Recruitment Difficulties
105. Age, height, and weight
106. Drug use and criminal history
107. Education
108. Additional factors
109. Attracting and Retaining Women and Minorities
110. Recruitment Strategies
111. Commitment
112. Marketing Plan
113. Resources
114. Social Media Platforms
115. Selection and training of recruiters
116. Recruiting incentives
117. Community involvement
118. Military veterans
119. Internship, Cadet, Reserve, Explorer Scout, and High School Police Academy Programs
120. Selection Processes
121. Satisfaction Level of Employees
122. Applicant Screening (Employment Standards)
123. Hiring in the Spirit of Service
124. Examples of Successful Recruiting Programs
125. Legal Issues and Affirmative Action
126. Mini Case Study: What Would You Do?
127. Retention and Promotion of a Diverse Workforce
128. Retention
129. Leadership
130. Mentoring
131. Training and Development
132. Addressing Bias, Discrimination and Harassment
133. Communications
134. Performance Evaluation
135. Job Descriptions
136. Promotion
137. Generation Y
138. Mini Case Study: How Would You Handle It?
139. Summary
140. Discussion Questions and Issues
141. References
142. Chapter 4 Cross-Cultural Communication for Law Enforcement
143. Learning Objectives
144. Outline
145. Introduction
146. Language Barriers and Law Enforcement
147. Attitudes Toward Limited-English Speakers
148. Cross-Cultural Communication in the Law Enforcement Context
149. The Influence of Hierarchy and Formality on Communication
150. High- and Low-Context Communication
151. Cross-Cultural Communication Dynamics
152. Using Language or Language Style to Become Just Like One of “Them”
153. Walking on Eggshells
154. “Some of My Best Friends Are . . .”
155. “You People” or the We/They Distinction
156. “You Stopped Me Because I’m . . .” or Accusations of Racial Profiling
157. Communication Considerations Post-9/11
158. Interviewing and Data-Gathering Skills
159. Nonverbal Communication
160. Male-Female Communication in Law Enforcement
161. Summary
162. Discussion Questions and Issues
163. References
164. Part Two Cultural Specifics for Law Enforcement
165. Chapter 5 Law Enforcement Contact with Asian/Pacific Americans
166. Learning Objectives
167. Outline
168. Introduction
169. Asian/Pacific American Defined
170. Historical Information
171. Law Enforcement Interactions with Asian/Pacific Americans
172. Anti-Asian Federal, State, and Local Laws
173. Demographics: Diversity Among Asian/Pacific Americans
174. Labels and Terms
175. Myths and Stereotypes
176. The Asian/Pacific American Family
177. Culture Shock and the Asian/Pacific American Family
178. The Roles of Family Members
179. Children, Adolescents, and Youths
180. Asian/Pacific American Family Violence
181. Communication Styles of Asian/Pacific Americans
182. Key Issues in Law Enforcement
183. Underreporting of Crimes
184. Asian/Pacific American Community and Law Enforcement Interaction
185. Increasing Asian/Pacific American Peace Officers
186. Hate Crimes against Asian/Pacific Americans
187. Crimes within Asian/Pacific American Communities
188. Summary
189. Discussion Questions and Issues
190. References
191. Chapter 6 Law Enforcement Contact with African Americans
192. Learning Objectives
193. Outline
194. Introduction
195. Historical Information
196. Law Enforcement Interaction with African Americans: Historical Baggage
197. Demographics: Diversity Among African Americans*
198. Issues of Identity and group identification terms
199. Stereotypes and Cross-Racial Perceptions
200. The African American Family
201. The Roles of Men and Women
202. The Single Mother
203. Children/Adolescents/Youth
204. Language and Communication
205. “Ebonics,” or African American Vernacular English
206. Nonverbal Communication: Style and Stance
207. Verbal Expressiveness and Emotionalism
208. Threats and Aggressive Behavior
209. Key Issues in Law Enforcement
210. Differential Treatment
211. Racial Profiling in the African American Community
212. Perceptions of Police/Authority Treatment
213. Excessive Force and Brutality
214. Law Enforcement Interaction with African American Communities
215. Victimization: Offenders and Incarceration
216. Hate Crimes against African Americans
217. African American Women and Police
218. Addressing the Needs of the Inner City
219. Efforts toward a Positive Relationship between Police and Community
220. Summary
221. Discussion Questions and Issues
222. References
223. Chapter 7 Law Enforcement Contact with Latino/Hispanic Americans
224. Learning Objectives
225. Outline
226. Introduction
227. Terminology
228. Unauthorized Immigrants
229. Latino/Hispanic Americans Defined
230. United States Census—Hispanic and Latino Survey Category
231. Labels and Terms
232. Historical Information
233. Demographics: Diversity Among Latino/Hispanic Americans
234. Nativity and Regional Distribution of Latino/Hispanic Origin Groups in the U.S.
235. Typology of Latino/Hispanic Americans
236. Myths and Stereotypes
237. The Latino/Hispanic American Family
238. Names
239. Importance of Family
240. The Role of the Man and the Woman in a Latino/Hispanic American Family
241. Children, Adolescents, and Youth
242. Communication Styles of Latino/Hispanic Americans
243. Key Issues in Law Enforcement
244. Machismo
245. Underreporting of Crimes and Cooperation with Law Enforcement
246. Hate Crimes against Latino/Hispanics
247. Racial Profiling of Latino/Hispanic Americans
248. Increasing Police Services to the Latino/Hispanic American Community
249. Increasing the Number of Latino/Hispanic American Police Officers
250. Summary
251. Discussion Questions and Issues
252. References
253. Chapter 8 Law Enforcement Contact with Arab Americans and Other Middle Eastern Groups
254. Learning Objectives
255. Outline
256. Introduction
257. Middle Easterners and Related Terminology Defined
258. Iranians and Turks
259. Israelis
260. Historical Information and arab american demographics
261. Select Arab American Demographics
262. Differences and Similarities
263. Similarities
264. Basic Arab Values
265. Stereotypes
266. Movies and Television
267. The “Terrorist” Stereotype, Post-9/11 Backlash, and Ongoing Challenges
268. Islamic Religion
269. The Qur’an (Koran) and the Pillars of Islam
270. Taboos in the Mosque
271. Ramadan: The Holy Month
272. Knowledge of Religious Practices
273. Similarities between Christianity, Judaism, and Islam
274. Definition of Further Terms: “Islamist” and “Jihad”
275. Fundamentalism
276. Family Structure
277. Head of the Household
278. Children and Americanization
279. Communication Styles and Cultural Practices
280. Greetings, Names, Approach, Touching
281. Hospitality
282. Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
283. Conversational distance
284. Gestures
285. Emotional Expressiveness
286. Swearing, obscenities, and insults
287. English language problems
288. Key Issues in Law Enforcement
289. Perceptions of and Interactions with Police
290. Modesty, Women’s Dress, and Diversity among Women
291. Arab Small Business Owners
292. Hate Crimes against Arab Americans
293. Relations between Law Enforcement and Arab Americans Post-9/11
294. Summary
295. Discussion Questions and Issues
296. References
297. Chapter 9 Law Enforcement Contact with Native Americans
298. Learning Objectives
299. Outline
300. Introduction
301. Historical Information and Background
302. Native Americans and Military Service
303. Native American Populations, Reservations, Tribes and Identity
304. Similarities among Native Americans
305. Philosophy toward the Earth and the Universe
306. Language and Communication
307. Openness and Self-Disclosure
308. Silence and Interruptions
309. Talking and Questions
310. Nonverbal Communication: Eye Contact, Touching
311. Language
312. Offensive Terms, Labels, and Stereotypes
313. Family and Acculturation Issues
314. Respect for Elders
315. Extended Family and Kinship Ties
316. Children and Separation from Parents
317. Acculturation to Mainstream Society
318. Key Issues in Law Enforcement
319. Perception of Police
320. Victimization Rates/Comparisons with Other Groups
321. Native American Women and Rape
322. Hate Crimes against Native Americans
323. Jurisdiction
324. Tribal and Civilian Police
325. Racial Profiling of Native Americans
326. Peyote
327. Trespassing and Sacred Lands
328. Native American Sites—Use of, Desecration, and Looting
329. Indian Casinos and Gaming
330. Fishing
331. Summary
332. Discussion Questions and Issues
333. References
334. Part Three Multicultural Law Enforcement Elements in Terrorism and Disaster Preparedness
335. Chapter 10 Multicultural Law Enforcement and Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Disaster Preparedness
336. Learning Objectives
337. Outline
338. Introduction
339. Multicultural law enforcement roles in terrorism and homeland security
340. Definitions
341. Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
342. Historical Information and Background
343. Department of Homeland Security
344. Myths and Stereotypes About Terrorists
345. Tips to Detect Terrorist Behavior
346. Response Strategies Addressing Local-Community, Regional, National, and Global Issues
347. Potential Terrorist Targets
348. The First-Response Challenge for Law Enforcement, Fire and Emergency Management System Personnel
349. National Incident Management System
350. Helping State and Local Law Enforcement
351. Response Strategies: Detecting and Preventing Attacks of Terrorism
352. Multijurisdictional Action
353. Protecting Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources
354. U.S. Patriot Act and Intelligence Community
355. U.S. Patriot Act
356. National Counterterrorism Center
357. National Security Agency
358. Working with Multicultural Communities on terrorism Prevention ANd disaster preparedness
359. Building Community Networks and Resources
360. Citizen Corps
361. Using Multicultural Media as a Resource
362. Racial Profiling within the Context of Homeland Security
363. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Secure Communities
364. Recommendations for Local Law Enforcement Agencies Working with ICE
365. Emergency Preparedness and Response
366. Training Law Enforcement Agencies in Multicultural Community Homeland Security Issues
367. Educating Multicultural Communities on Homeland Security
368. Worldwide Caution
369. Key Issues in Law Enforcement
370. Summary
371. Discussion Questions and Issues
372. References
373. Part Four Response Strategies for Crimes Motivated By Hate/Bias and Racial Profiling
374. Chapter 11 Hate/Bias Crimes Victims, Laws, Investigations, and Prosecutions
375. Learning Objectives
376. Outline
377. Introduction
378. The Hate/Bias Crime Problem
379. The Scope of Hate Crimes Nationally
380. The FBI UCR Program versus the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
381. Underreporting of Crime
382. Growth of Online Racism
383. Definition of Hate Crime and Hate Incident
384. Hate Crime
385. Hate Incident
386. Hate Crime Source Theories
387. Introduction
388. Urban Dynamics and Other Theories
389. Immigrant Clustering
390. The Economy and Hate Violence
391. Move-in violence
392. Targets of Hate Crimes
393. Jews and Anti-Semitism
394. Jews
395. Prevalence of Anti-Semitic Crimes
396. Anti-Semitic Groups and Individuals
397. Jewish Community Concerns
398. What Law Enforcement Can Do
399. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Victimization
400. Hate Crime Laws Specific to LGBT Persons as Victims
401. LGBT Persons as Victims of Hate/Bias Incidents and Offenses
402. The scope of LGBT victimization
403. LGBT Victim Profiles
404. Transgender Persons as Victims of Sexual Orientation Hate Crimes
405. Perpetrators of Crime Related to Sexual Orientation
406. Sexual Orientation Hate/Bias Crimes and the Military
407. Sexual Orientation Hate/Bias Crimes and School Campuses
408. Police Relations with Gay and Lesbian Communities
409. Hate Crime Laws Specific to LGBT
410. Federal Laws
411. State Laws
412. Violence against Women Act (VAWA)
413. Why Special Laws and Penalty Enhancements?
414. Hate/Bias Crime and Incident Investigations
415. Models for Investigating Hate/Bias Crimes
416. Small department (agencies of 1 to 100 sworn)
417. Medium-sized department (agencies of 100 to 500 sworn)
418. Large Departments (Agencies of 500-Plus Sworn)
419. Hate/Bias Crime Prosecution
420. District Attorneys’ or Prosecutors’ Offices
421. Special Problems in Prosecuting Hate/Bias Crimes
422. Objective Evidence: Bias Motivation
423. Mini Case Study #1
424. Mini Case Study #2
425. Mini Case Study #3
426. Mini Case Study #4
427. Hate/Bias Crime and Incident Victimology
428. Law Enforcement and the Victim
429. Law Enforcement and the Community
430. Summary
431. Discussion Questions and Issues
432. References
433. Chapter 12 Hate/Bias Crimes Reporting, Monitoring, and Response Strategies
434. Learning Objectives
435. Outline
436. Introduction
437. Hate/BIAS Crimes Reporting
438. Purpose of Hate/Bias Crime Data Collection
439. Congressional Directive: Federal Hate Crime Legislation
440. Hate/Bias Crimes Monitoring
441. Monitoring Hate Groups
442. Organized Hate Groups
443. Neo-Nazis and Klans
444. World Church of the Creator or Creativity Movement
445. Aryan Nations
446. The National Alliance
447. Racist Skinheads
448. Christian Identity
449. Posse Comitatus
450. Black Separatists
451. Patriot Groups
452. Response Alternatives to Organized Hate Groups
453. Trends and Predictions for Organized Hate Groups
454. The Internet and Hate Groups
455. First Amendment versus Hate Speech
456. Hate/Bias Crime and Incident Control
457. Identifying Communities at Risk
458. Community Profiling
459. Neighborhood and Police Partnership
460. Role of Human Relations Commissions (HRCs)
461. Community Relations Service (CRS)
462. Trends to Monitor: Steep Typology
463. Trend Monitoring in Multicultural Communities
464. Economic Circumstances
465. Political Environment
466. Social and Cultural Conditions
467. Law Enforcement Response Strategies
468. Community Programs to Reduce and Control Hate Crimes
469. Generic Community Resources and Programs
470. Educating the Public at Large
471. Organizational Networking
472. Monitoring the Media
473. Federal, State, and County Programs
474. Churches, Mosques, and Synagogues
475. Communities with Special Programs
476. Mini Case Study: Immigrants from Asia Settle in Long-Established Neighborhoods
477. Summary
478. Discussion Questions and Issues
479. References
480. Chapter 13 Racial Profiling
481. Learning Objectives
482. Outline
483. Introduction
484. Definitions
485. Racial Profiling
486. Profile: Formal and Informal
487. Profiling
488. Minority
489. Reasonable Suspicion
490. Probable Cause
491. Suspect-Specific Incident
492. Historical Background of the Term Racial Profiling
493. Profiling Challenges in the War on Terrorism
494. Police and Citizen Perceptions of Racial Profiling
495. Myth, Misperception, or Reality?
496. Police Perceptions
497. Other factors in police stops
498. Victim and Civil Rights Advocates’ Perceptions
499. Mini Case Studies: Culture and Crime
500. You Decide—Racial Profiling?
501. Mini Case Study 1
502. Mini Case Study 2:
503. Profiling as a Legal Tool of Law Enforcement
504. Is Racial Profiling Justified by the War on Terrorism?
505. Legitimate Use of Race/Ethnicity
506. Illegitimate Use of Race/Ethnicity
507. Prevention of Racial Profiling in Law Enforcement
508. Accountability and Supervision
509. Self-Assessment
510. Agency Policies to Address Racial Profiling
511. Recruitment and Hiring
512. Education and Training
513. Minority Community Outreach
514. Professional Police Traffic Stops
515. Data Collection on Citizens’ Race/Ethnicity
516. Arguments in Favor of Data Collection
517. Arguments against Data Collection
518. Data collection elements
519. Statistical benchmarks
520. Data analysis and interpretation
521. Community Task Forces for Development and Implementation
522. Unintended results of data collection
523. Summary
524. Discussion Questions and Issues
525. References
526. Part Five Cultural Effectiveness for Law Enforcement
527. Chapter 14 Community Policing and Multicultural Response Strategies for Gangs, the Homeless, and the Mentally Ill
528. Learning Objectives
529. Outline
530. Introduction
531. Community Policing
532. Storefront Offices and Other Temporary Offices
533. Mini Case Study: What Would You Do?
534. Types of Gangs and Criminal Activity
535. Definition of Gang
536. Criminal Activity
537. Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations
538. National and Regional Gangs
539. Gangs in the Military
540. Street Gangs
541. Juvenile Gangs
542. Gangs in Indian Country
543. Prison Gangs
544. Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs
545. Racial and Ethnic Composition of Gangs
546. Gangs and Gender
547. Gang-Related Homicides
548. Gun Use by Gangs
549. Gang Causation
550. Risk Factors for Gang Membership
551. Law Enforcement Strategies to Reduce Gang Problems
552. U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing
553. Largest Gang Arrest in U.S. History
554. Resources for Law Enforcement
555. Boys & Girls Clubs of America Gang Prevention Through Targeted Outreach (GPTTO)
556. Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) Program
557. Police Athletic League (PAL)
558. Mini Case Study: What Would You Do?
559. Homelessness and Its Impact on Peacekeeping
560. Estimated Count of Homeless on a Single Night
561. Criticism on the Estimated Counts of Homelessness
562. Homelessness in U.S. Cities
563. Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Age
564. LGBT Youth
565. Quality-of-Life Concerns
566. Federal Law Definitions of Homelessness
567. Causes for Homelessness
568. When There Are No Shelters
569. Crime Victimization
570. State Laws Protecting the Homeless from Hate Crimes
571. Peacekeeping Strategies to Mitigate the Homelessness Crisis
572. Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness
573. Education and Training
574. Soup Kitchens and Emergency Shelters
575. Mini Case Study: What Would You Do?
576. Mental Illness Challenges in Multicultural Communities
577. Types of Calls
578. Police Protocol in Encounters With People Who Have Mental Illness
579. Arrest
580. Hospitalization
581. Informal Disposition
582. Use of Force
583. Mentally Ill Persons in the Corrections System
584. Response Strategies Between Police and People With Mental Illness
585. Treatment for Mental Illness
586. Mini Case Study: CIT (Crisis Intervention Team)
587. Memphis, Tennessee
588. Summary
589. Discussion Questions and Issues
590. References
591. Appendix A Multicultural Community and Workforce: Attitude Assessment Survey*
592. Appendix B Cultural Diversity Survey: Needs Assessment*
593. Appendix C Cross-Cultural Communication Skills Assessment for Law Enforcement Professionals
594. Appendix D Listing of Gangs and Identifying Characteristics
595. Section I: Street Gangs
596. Section II: Prison Gangs
597. Section III: Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs
598. Appendix E Selected Examples of Foreign Terrorist Organizations
599. Glossary*
600. Index

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