International Business Law 6th Edition August Test Bank

1. International Business LawText, Cases, and Readings
2. International Business LawText, Cases, and Readings
3. Brief Contents
4. Contents
5. Preface
6. New to this Edition
7. For Instructors
8. Reviewers
9. About the Authors
10. Chapter 1 Introduction to International and Comparative Law
11. Chapter Outline
12. A. What Is International Law?
13. Case 1-1 Ignacio Sequihua v. Texaco Inc. et al.
14. Opinion of Judge Black
15. Casepoint
16. B. The Making of International Law
17. C. Sources of International Law
18. Treaties and Conventions
19. Custom
20. Treaties Conflicting with a Peremptory Norm of General International Law (Jus Cogens)
21. General Principles and Jus Cogens
22. Jus Cogens
23. D. The Scope of International Law in Actual Practice
24. The Practice in International Tribunals
25. The Practice in Municipal Courts
26. Case 1-2 Sei Fujii v. State of California
27. Opinion by Chief Justice Gibson
28. United Nations Charter
29. Fourteenth Amendment of the Federal Constitution
30. Casepoint
31. E. International Persons
32. States
33. Territorial Sovereignty
34. Negative Servitudes: Air and Water Pollution
35. Case 1-3 The Trail Smelter Arbitration
36. 1941 Report of the Tribunal
37. Casepoint
38. ANNEX I
39. Principle 2
40. Changes in Territorial Sovereignty
41. International Organizations
42. The United Nations
43. The UN Global Compact
44. The Ten Principles
45. Human Rights
46. Labor
47. Environment
48. Anti-Corruption
49. The Millennium Development Goals
50. Global Reporting Initiative
51. The European Union
52. Supranational Powers
53. The Greek Debt Crisis
54. Balancing Risks and Benefits Between Greece and the Eurozone
55. A Second Bailout, and Political Fallout in Greece and France
56. Inherent Flaws in the Eurozone
57. Case 1-4 Commission of the European Communitiesv. Federal Republic of Germany
58. The Court
59. Judgment
60. Justification Based on the Protection of Health Within the Meaningof Article 36 of the Treaty
61. Justification Based on Imperative Requirements Relating to Consumer Protection
62. Justification Based on Mandatory Requirements Relating to Fair Trading
63. Justification Based on Mandatory Requirements Relating to the Common Agricultural Policy
64. Casepoint
65. The Institutions of the European Union
66. The Council of the European Union and the European Council
67. Council of the European Union43
68. European Council
69. European Commission
70. The European Parliament
71. European Court of Justice
72. European Economic and Social Committee
73. European Court of First Instance
74. European Central Bank
75. European Court of Auditors
76. Other IGOs
77. General IGOs
78. Specialized IGOs
79. Nongovernmental Organizations
80. F. The Rights of Individuals Under International Law
81. Case 1-5 De Sanchez v. Banco Central De Nicaragua
82. Opinion by Judge Goldberg
83. Casepoint
84. G. Comparison of Municipal Legal Systems
85. The Romano-Germanic Civil Law System
86. The Anglo-American Common Law System
87. The Islamic Law System
88. Chapter Questions
89. Pacta Sunt Servanda
90. Customary International Law
91. International Human Rights Law
92. Recognition of States
93. State Responsibility for Transboundary Pollution
94. Boundaries and Treaties
95. Chapter 2 State Responsibility and Environmental Regulation
96. Chapter Outline
97. Introduction
98. A. State Responsibility
99. Doctrine of Imputability
100. Nonimputable Acts
101. Case 2-1 Sandline International Inc. v. Papua New Guinea
102. Background
103. The 1997 Agreement
104. The Breakdown of the Agreement
105. The First Issue
106. International Law
107. Application of International Law
108. Conclusion
109. Casepoint
110. Terrorism
111. Case 2-2 Flatow v. The Islamic Republic of Iran
112. Judge Royce C. Lamberth
113. Findings of Fact
114. Conclusions of Law with Respect to Jurisdiction
115. A. The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act Controls This Action
116. B. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
117. Conclusion
118. Casepoint
119. Claims of Terrorism Between States
120. The Iranian Hostage Crisis
121. Nicaragua v. United States
122. Corporations and “Terrorism,” Including Gross Violations of Human Rights
123. Corporate Support of Terrorism: Chiquita in Colombia
124. Corporate Acquiescence in Violent State Oppression
125. Conclusion
126. Fault and Causation
127. B. Standard of Care
128. The National Standard of Care
129. The International Standard of Care
130. Expropriation
131. In Brief: Case 2-3 Acsyngo v. Compagnie De Saint-Gobain (France) S.A.
132. Facts
133. Issues
134. Holdings
135. Explanation
136. Order
137. Casepoint
138. Denial of Justice
139. Case 2-4 Chattin v. United Mexican States
140. Presiding Commissioner Van Vollenhoven
141. Irregularity of Court Proceedings
142. Conviction on Insufficient Evidence
143. Mistreatment in Prison
144. Conclusion
145. Dissenting Opinion of Commissioner Fernandez Macgregor
146. Casepoint
147. C. Objections
148. Lack of Standing
149. Lack of Nationality
150. Lack of a Genuine Link
151. Failure to Exhaust Remedies
152. Case 2-5 The M/V Saiga Case (Merits)
153. The Tribunal … Delivers the Following Judgment
154. Exhaustion of Local Remedies
155. Nationality of Claims
156. Reparation
157. Casepoint
158. Other Objections
159. D. Relief
160. E. Insurance
161. Case 2-6 Re Letelier and Moffitt
162. Award of the Commission
163. Casepoint
164. Private Insurers
165. National Investment Guaranty Programs
166. The United States Overseas Private Investment Corporation
167. Expropriation
168. Currency Inconvertibility
169. Political Violence
170. Multilateral Investment Guaranty Programs
171. F. Environmental Protection
172. Regulation of Pollution
173. Sectoral Regulations
174. Marine Pollution
175. Case 2-7 Southern Bluefin Tuna Cases: Provisional Measures
176. Climate and Air Pollution
177. The Bali Conference
178. 2007 to 2011—From Bali to Cancunto Copenhagen: Little Progressin the COP Negotiations
179. The Fate of the Kyoto Protocol: The Durban Conference of the Parties
180. Product Regulations
181. Toxic Waste
182. Nuclear Materials
183. Protection of Natural Resources
184. Liability for Environmental Damage
185. Chapter Questions
186. Imputable Acts and Nonimputable Acts
187. Expropriations
188. Creeping Expropriation
189. Objections
190. Law of the Sea: Precautionary Principle
191. Chapter 3 Dispute Settlement
192. Chapter Outline
193. A. Settlement of Disputes Through Diplomacy
194. Negotiation
195. Mediation
196. Inquiry
197. B. Settlement of Disputes in International Tribunals
198. International Court of Justice
199. Functions
200. Composition
201. Contentious Jurisdiction
202. Optional Clause Jurisdiction
203. Self-Judging Reservations
204. Advisory Jurisdiction
205. Judgments
206. Effect of Judgments
207. Compliance with ICJ Judgments
208. International Criminal Court
209. World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Procedures
210. Consultation and Third-Party Participation
211. Dispute Settlement Organs
212. Dispute Settlement Body
213. Dispute Settlement Panel
214. Appellate Body
215. Enforcement
216. Precedential Effect of Panel and Appellate Body Rulings
217. Case 3-1 Japan—Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages
218. Introduction
219. Issues Raised in the Appeal
220. Status of Adopted Panel Reports
221. Conclusions and Recommendations
222. Casepoint
223. International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes
224. The ICSID Organization
225. ICSID Rules
226. Constituting an ICSID Arbitration Tribunal
227. Defining Investment
228. Unilateral Withdrawal Is Ineffective
229. Selecting the Arbitrators
230. Place of Arbitration
231. Exclusive Remedy
232. Jurisdiction
233. Personal Jurisdiction
234. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
235. ICSID and the North American Free Trade Agreement
236. Case 3-2 In the Matter of the Loewen Group Inc. and Raymond L. Loewen, Claimants/Investors v. United States of America Respondent/Party
237. Background
238. The Judgment of the ICSID Arbitration Panel
239. Casepoint
240. Provisional Measures and Awards
241. Enforcement
242. Other Arbitration Tribunals
243. C. Settlement of Disputes in Municipal Courts
244. Jurisdiction in Criminal Cases
245. Jurisdiction in Civil Cases
246. Jurisdiction over Persons
247. Case 3-3 Bumper Development Corp. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis and Others (Union of India and Others, Claimants)
248. Opinion by Lord Justice Purchas
249. Casepoint
250. Case 3-4 Shell v. R. W. Sturge, Ltd.
251. Opinion by Judge Kennedy
252. I
253. II
254. III
255. Casepoint
256. Jurisdiction over Property
257. D. Immunities of States from the Jurisdiction of Municipal Courts
258. Sovereign or State Immunity
259. Case 3-5 Abbott v. Republic of South Africa
260. Judgment
261. Casepoint
262. Act of State Doctrine
263. Case 3-6 W.S. Kirkpatrick Co., Inc. v. Environmental Tectonics Co.
264. Casepoint
265. E. Choosing the Governing Law
266. Agreement of the Parties
267. Statutory Choice of Law Provisions
268. Most Significant Relationship
269. Case 3-7 Bank of India v. Gobindram Naraindas Sadhwani and Others
270. Judge Nazareth …
271. Determination of the Proper Law: The Test to Be Applied
272. Second Stage: Inferred or Implied Choice of Law
273. Third Stage: The System with Which the Guarantee Has the Closest and Most Real Connection
274. Casepoint
275. Governmental Interest
276. F. Refusal To Exercise Jurisdiction
277. G. Opposition to the Exercise of Jurisdiction
278. Case 3-8 Jorge Luis Machuca Gonzalez et al. v. Chrysler Corporation et al.
279. Casepoint
280. H. Proving Foreign Law
281. I. Recognition of Foreign Judgments
282. Chapter Questions
283. Self-Judging Clause
284. International Court of Justice: Compliance
285. ICSID Arbitration
286. Foreign Sovereign Immunities
287. Jurisdiction over Criminal Acts
288. Forum Selection Clause
289. Restrictive Sovereign Immunity
290. Act of State Doctrine
291. Forum Non Conveniens
292. Chapter 4 The Multinational Enterprise
293. Chapter Outline
294. Introduction
295. A. Strategies for Doing Business Globally
296. Exporting and Importing
297. Branches and Subsidiaries
298. Licensing Intellectual Property and Franchising
299. B. The Business Form
300. The Importance of the Separate Legal Identity of Juridical Entities
301. C. The Multinational Organization
302. The Parent Company
303. The Nonmultinational Enterprise
304. Case 4-1 Case Concerning Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Co. (Second Phase)
305. Judgment of the Court …
306. Casepoint
307. The National Multinational Enterprise
308. The International Multinational Enterprise
309. The Subordinate Structure
310. D. International Regulation of Multinational Enterprises
311. ISO 26,000 Project Overview
312. What Is ISO 26,000?
313. Why Is ISO 26,000 Important?
314. How Will ISO 26,000 Help Organizations?
315. What Does ISO 26,000 Contain?
316. How Does ISO 26,000 Relate to Existing Good Work?
317. How Did the ISO 26,000 Initiative Come About?
318. What Will ISO 26,000 Achieve?
319. Who Developed ISO 26,000?
320. Where Can I Find More Information?
321. Bribery and Corruption Rules
322. E. Home State Regulation of Multinational Enterprises
323. Unfair Competition Laws
324. Enforcement Provisions of U.S. Anti-trust Laws
325. Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Antitrust Laws
326. Personal Jurisdiction Requirements of U.S. Antitrust Laws
327. Subject-Matter Jurisdiction Requirement of U.S. Antitrust Laws
328. Case 4-2 Metro Industries v. Sammi Corp.
329. Facts and Procedural History
330. Discussion
331. Conclusion
332. Casepoint
333. Regulation of Anticompetitive Behavior in the EU
334. Opposition to the Extraterritorial Application of Unfair Competition Laws
335. Blocking Statutes
336. Anti-Suit Injunctions
337. In Brief: Case 4-3 Airbus Industrie G.I.E. v. Patel
338. Facts
339. Issue
340. Decision
341. Reasoning
342. Order
343. Tort and Products Liability Laws
344. Intentional Tort Liability
345. Case 4-4 Dow Jones & Co. Inc. v. Gutnick
346. Casepoint
347. Products Liability Theories
348. Japanese Products Liability Laws
349. Common Law Products Liability Rules
350. EU Products Liability Rules
351. Extraterritorial Application of Products Liability Laws
352. Personal Jurisdiction Requirements of U.S. Products Liability Laws
353. In Brief: Case 4-5 World-Wide Volkswagen v. Woodson
354. Facts
355. Issue
356. Decision
357. Rationale
358. Case 4-6 Asahi Metal Industry Co., Ltd. v. Superior Court of California, Solano County United States Supreme Court
359. Opinion by Justice O’Connor
360. II
361. A
362. B
363. III
364. Casepoint
365. Forum Non Conveniens
366. Sharp Practices
367. Case 4-7 United States v. Blondek, Tull, Castle, and Lowry
368. Opinion by Judge Sanders
369. Casepoint
370. The OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
371. The Global Trend Toward Anti-Corruption Enforcement
372. Adapting to New Trends in Anti-Bribery Enforcement
373. F. Host State Regulation of Multinational Enterprises
374. Consent to the Jurisdiction of the Host State
375. Common Enterprise Liability
376. Case 4-8 Touche Ross & Co. v. Bank Intercontinental, Limited
377. Opinion by Judge Hull
378. Casepoint
379. Piercing the Company Veil
380. The Controlled Company
381. The Alter Ego Company
382. Undercapitalization
383. Personal Assumption of Liability
384. Chapter Questions
385. Blocking Statutes
386. Competition Law and Jurisdictional Rule of Reason
387. Products Liability—Jurisdiction
388. Corrupt Practices
389. Common Enterprise
390. Chapter 5 Foreign Investment
391. Chapter Outline
392. A. Foreign Investment Laws and Codes
393. Mining and the Environment
394. Long Term Damage, Short Term Gain
395. Getting Political
396. International Interests with a Powerful Voice in Cabañas
397. Conclusion
398. National Foreign Investment Policies
399. Regional Investment Policies
400. Screening Foreign Investment Applications
401. The Screening Agencies
402. Proposals Requiring Screening
403. Proposals Requiring Special Screening
404. Information That Must Be Disclosed
405. Evaluation Criteria
406. Formal and Informal Application Processes
407. Approval of Foreign Investment Applications
408. In Brief: Case 5-1 Arab Republic of Egypt v. Southern Pacific Properties, Ltd., et al.
409. Facts
410. Issue
411. Holding
412. Law
413. Explanation
414. Order
415. Business Forms
416. Limitations on Foreign Equity
417. Sectoral Limitations
418. Closed Sectors
419. Restricted Sectors
420. Foreign Priority Sectors
421. Background
422. I. The Legal Environment for Foreign Investment: An Overview
423. II. Governmental Actors
424. III. Forms for Doing Business
425. IV. Obstacles to Foreign Investment in India
426. V. Keeping Up with the Chinese
427. VI. Conclusion
428. Geographic Limitations
429. Case 5-2 Brady v. Brown
430. Discussion
431. II. Comity
432. A. Fraud
433. B. The Nature of the Relief
434. C. The Brown Defendants Other Than Chester Brown
435. Conclusion
436. Casepoint
437. Free Zones
438. Free Zones Categorized by Size
439. Case 5-3 Nissan Motor Mfg. Corp., U.S.A. v. United States
440. Opinion by Judge Archer
441. Background
442. Casepoint
443. Free Zones Categorized by Activities
444. Foreign Investment Guarantees
445. B. Supervision of Foreign Investment
446. Start-Up Standards
447. Operational Reviews
448. Modification of Foreign Investment Agreements
449. Case 5-4 Arbitration Between Wintershall AG et al. and the Government of Qatar
450. Opinion of the Tribunal
451. Casepoint
452. Protection of Subsidiaries
453. Disclosure of Information
454. Protection of the Subsidiary
455. Protection of a Subsidiary’s Minority Shareholders
456. Protection of a Subsidiary’s Creditors
457. Protection of a Subsidiary’s Tort Victims
458. Case 5-5 The Bhopal Case
459. Opinion by Chief Justice Sabyasachi Mukharji
460. Justice Singh
461. Casepoint
462. Penalties for Noncompliance
463. C. Securities Regulations
464. Securities
465. Trading in Securities
466. Securities Exchanges
467. Issuance of Securities
468. Exemptions from Registration
469. Foreign Registration
470. Clearance and Settlement Procedures
471. International Clearance and Settlement
472. Depository Receipts
473. Insider Trading Regulations
474. Case 5-6 Batchelder v. Kawamoto
475. Opinion by Circuit Judge O’Scannlain
476. I
477. II
478. A
479. III
480. Casepoint
481. Takeover Regulations
482. D. Enforcement of Securities Regulations Internationally
483. International Enforcement Cooperation
484. Mechanisms for Information Sharing in Securities Enforcement Matters
485. IOSCO Multilateral Memorandum of Understanding
486. Bilateral Memoranda of Understanding
487. Ad Hoc and Other Arrangements for Enforcement Cooperation
488. The Convention on Insider Trading
489. Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Securities Laws
490. Chapter Questions
491. Approval of Foreign Investment Applications
492. Import Duties in Free Trade Zones
493. Modification of Foreign Investment Agreements
494. Obligation of Parent for Subsidiary’s Debts
495. Takeover Defenses
496. Insider Trading
497. Chapter 6 Money and Banking
498. Chapter Outline
499. A. Money
500. The Value of Money
501. The Choice of Money
502. Maintaining Monetary Value
503. Case 6-1 Republic of Argentina et al. v. Weltover, Inc. et al.
504. Opinion by Justice Scalia
505. Casepoint
506. B. The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
507. Origin of the IMF
508. IMF Quotas
509. Organization of the IMF
510. Is Debt Sustainable?
511. IMF Faces Public Anger
512. Ears Kept Shut
513. C. IMF Operations
514. D. Currency Exchange
515. Currency Exchange Obligations of IMF Member States
516. Enforcement of Exchange Control Regulations of IMF Member States
517. Case 6-2 Wilson, Smithett & Cope, Ltd v. Terruzzi
518. Opinion by Lord Denning
519. Casepoint
520. Enforcement of Exchange Control Laws in the Absence of IMF Membership
521. Case 6-3 Menendez v. Saks and Company
522. Opinion by Judge Mansfield
523. Casepoint
524. Enforcement of Other IMF Member State Currency Exchange Obligations
525. Exemptions for New Members from IMF Member State Currency Exchange Obligations
526. E. Currency Support
527. IMF Facilities
528. Regular IMF Facilities
529. Reserve Tranche
530. Credit Tranche
531. Extended Fund Facility
532. Standby Arrangements
533. Concessional IMF Facility
534. Special IMF Facilities
535. Compensatory Financing Facility
536. Supplemental Reserve Facility
537. Contingent Credit Lines
538. IMF Conditionality
539. F. Development Banks
540. Controversies at the World Bank
541. Purposes
542. Size and Structure
543. Source of Funding
544. Recipients of Funding
545. World Bank Operations
546. IMF Operations
547. Cooperation Between the Bank and IMF
548. G. The Bank for International Settlements
549. The Central Banks’ Bank
550. Promoter of International Monetary Cooperation
551. Agent for International Settlements
552. BIS and Basel III
553. H. Regional Monetary Systems
554. I. National Monetary Systems
555. National Monetary Organizations
556. Bank Deposits
557. Underlying Concepts of Islamic Economics and Banking
558. Recent International Developments in Doctrine at the Intergovernmental Level
559. Traditional and New Islamic Financial Instruments
560. Eurocurrency Deposits
561. The Interbank Deposit Market
562. The Foreign Exchange Market
563. Foreign Exchange Contracts
564. In Brief: Case 6-4 Hunt et al. v. Alliance North American Government Income Trust, Inc. et al.
565. Facts
566. Issue
567. Holding
568. Law
569. Explanation
570. Order
571. Arbitrage
572. The Transfer of Money
573. Branch Banking
574. Case 6-5 In Re Sealed Case
575. Per Curiam142
576. I.
577. II.
578. III.
579. Casepoint
580. Conflicts Between Host and Home State Regulations
581. Case 6-6 Vishipco Line et al. v. Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A.
582. Opinion by Judge Mansfield
583. Discussion
584. Casepoint
585. Case 6-7 Libyan Arab Foreign Bank v. Bankers Trust Company
586. Opinion by Justice Staughton
587. Casepoint
588. Chapter Questions
589. Dealing with Currency Fluctuation
590. Exchange Contracts and Exchange Control Regulations
591. Branch Banking
592. Arbitrage
593. Chapter 7 Trade in Goods
594. Chapter Outline
595. A. History of Contemporary International Trade Law
596. Protectionism
597. The Bretton Woods System
598. The 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
599. Multilateral Trade Negotiations
600. The Uruguay Round
601. B. The World Trade Organization
602. The WTO Agreement
603. Membership of the WTO
604. Structure of the WTO
605. Ministerial Conference
606. General Council
607. Decision Making within the WTO
608. The Protestors’ Arguments
609. The WTO Response
610. What has Happened Since the Seattle Ministerial?
611. Waivers
612. Dispute Settlement
613. Trade Policy Review
614. C. The 1994 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
615. Direct Effect
616. In Brief: Case 7-1 Finance Ministry v. Manifattura Lane Marz Otto, SpA
617. Judgment of the Court
618. Casepoint
619. Nondiscrimination
620. The MFN Rule
621. The National Treatment Rule
622. Case 7-2 Japan—Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages
623. Report of the Panel
624. Article III:2, First Sentence
625. a) Definition of “Like Products”
626. b) Taxation in Excess of That Imposed on Like Domestic Products
627. Casepoint
628. Protection Only Through Tariffs
629. Transparency
630. Regional Integration
631. Commodity Arrangements
632. Escape Clause
633. Exceptions
634. Export Controls
635. Case 7-3 United States—Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products
636. I. Introduction: Statement of the Appeal
637. IV. Issues Raised in this Appeal
638. VI. Appraising Section 609 Under Article XX of the GATT 1994
639. A. [Introduction]
640. B. Article XX(g): Provisional Justification of Section 609
641. C. The Introductory Clauses of Article XX: Characterizing Section 609 Under the Chapeau’s Standards
642. Casepoint
643. Protection of Cultural Property
644. Maintenance of National Security
645. The Wassenaar Arrangement
646. Other Multilateral Export-Control Programs
647. United Nations Action to Maintain International Peace
648. D. Multilateral Trade Agreements
649. Customs Valuation
650. Preshipment Inspection
651. Technical Barriers to Trade
652. A. Newly Born IEC Technical Committee on Solar Thermal Electric Plants
653. Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
654. Trade-Related Investment Measures
655. Case 7-4 Australia—Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon
656. Introduction
657. Article 5.5 of the SPS Agreement
658. First Element of Article 5.5
659. Second Element of Article 5.5
660. Third Element of Article 5.5
661. Casepoint
662. Trade Disputes Involving China
663. Import-Licensing Procedures
664. Anti-dumping
665. Case 7-5 Nippon Steel Corporation v. United States
666. Opinion by Chief Judge Michel
667. I. A Brief History of this Case
668. II. The Role of Administrative Agencies and the Courts
669. III. What Is “Substantial Evidence”?
670. A
671. C.
672. IV.
673. Casepoint
674. Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
675. Categories of Specific Subsidies
676. Remedies and Countervailing Measures
677. Case 7-6 United States—European Communities—Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft
678. Measures at Issue
679. “Specific Subsidies” under SCM Agreement Articles 1 and 2
680. “Adverse Effect” under SCM Agreement Articles 5(a) and (c)
681. Conclusions and Recommendations
682. Casepoint
683. Commentary on this Case
684. Developing States and States Transitioning to Market Economies
685. Safeguards
686. Agriculture
687. Textiles and Clothing
688. Rules of Origin
689. Chapter Questions
690. Customs Valuation
691. WTO Import Restrictions
692. Sanitary and Phytosanitary Restriction Measures
693. Countervailing Duties
694. Anti-dumping Duties
695. National Product Standards
696. National Security and Public Morals
697. Relevant Internet Sites
698. Chapter 8 Services and Labor
699. Chapter Outline
700. Introduction
701. A. General Agreement on Trade in Services
702. The Framework Agreement
703. Scope and Definition
704. Case 8-1 European Communities—Regime for the Importation, Sale, and Distribution of Bananas
705. General Agreement on Trade in Services
706. 1. Application of the GATS
707. 2. Whether Operators Are Service Suppliers Engaged in Wholesale Trade Services
708. Casepoint
709. General Obligations and Disciplines
710. Specific Commitments
711. Progressive Liberalization
712. Institutional Structure
713. GATS Annexes
714. GATS Schedules of Specific Commitments
715. B. Regional Intergovernmental Regulations on Trade in Services
716. EU Law on Trade in Services
717. Provisions Governing Trade in Services in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
718. C. International Labor Law
719. International Labor Organization
720. International Labor Standards
721. ILO Reports
722. Settlement of Disputes Between ILO Member States
723. The Commission of Inquiry
724. The Fact-Finding and Conciliation Commission on Freedom of Association
725. The International Labor Office
726. Settlement of Disputes Between Intergovernmental Organizations and Their Employees
727. The Human Rights of Workers
728. Case 8-2 DUBERG v. UNESCO
729. The Administrative Tribunal of the International Labor Organization . . .
730. A.
731. B.
732. E.
733. On the Grounds as Aforesaid—the Tribunal
734. Casepoint
735. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
736. Legal Effect of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
737. Later Developments Regarding the Unocal Case and Other Recent Alien Tort Claims Act Cases
738. International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
739. D. Regional Intergovernmental Regulations on Labor
740. Employment Laws in the EU
741. Posts Reserved for Nationals
742. Employment Standards of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
743. Protection of Workers’ Rights by the Council of Europe
744. Transnational Organized Labor
745. E. Movement of Workers
746. Visas
747. Case 8-3 State v. Nagami
748. Judgment of the Court
749. Casepoint
750. Temporary Visas
751. U.S. Visa Laws for Business or Pleasure Visitors
752. Qualifying for a Visa
753. Passing through a U.S. Port of Entry
754. Permanent Visas
755. U.S. Increases Visa Fees
756. Compliance with Visa Obligations
757. Case 8-4 England and Another v. Attorney-General of St. Lucia
758. Judgment of the court
759. Casepoint
760. Regulation of Foreign Workers
761. Case 8-5 Spiess et al. v. C. Itoh & Co. (America), Inc.
762. District Judge Carl O. Bue, Jr.
763. Casepoint
764. Application of Home State Labor Laws Extraterritorially
765. Case 8-6 Morelli v. Cedel
766. Richard D. Cudahy, Circuit Judge
767. Background
768. Discussion
769. (a) Does the ADEA Cover a U.S.-Based Branch of a Foreign Employer?
770. (b) Are Employees Based Abroad Counted in Determining Whether a U.S.-Based Branch of a Foreign Employer Is Subject to the ADEA?
771. Conclusion
772. Casepoint
773. Chapter Questions
774. Allowable WTO Restrictions
775. GATS and NAFTA Commitments
776. Role and Power of the ILO Fact-Finding and Conciliation Commission
777. Power of the ILO Administrative Tribunal
778. Freedom of Speech and Press in the EU
779. Right of an Attorney to Employment in Another EU Country
780. U.S. Passport Rules
781. National Government Power over Visas
782. Treaties of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation
783. Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Law
784. Chapter 9 Intellectual Property
785. Chapter Outline
786. Introduction
787. A. The Creation of Intellectual Property Rights
788. Copyrights
789. Pecuniary Rights
790. Case 9-1 Performing Right Society, Limited v. Hickey
791. Opinion of the Court—Judge Sakala
792. Casepoint
793. Moral Rights
794. Works Covered
795. Case 9-2 Amar Nath Sehgal v. Union of India
796. Casepoint
797. Neighboring Rights
798. Social/Ethical Issue
799. Formalities
800. Scope
801. Unauthorized Importation of Copyrighted Goods
802. Duration
803. Exceptions to Copyright Protection
804. Patents
805. Patents and Other Inventor’s Grants
806. Inventions That Qualify for Patent Protection
807. Case 9-3 Monsanto Co. v. Coramandal Indag Products, (P) Ltd.
808. Opinion of the Court—Judge C. Reddy
809. Casepoint
810. Determining Qualifications
811. Inventions Excluded from Patent Protection
812. Patenting of Human Genetic Features
813. Duration of Patents
814. Scope of Patents
815. Trademarks
816. Starbucks and Ethiopia Update
817. Acquiring Trademarks
818. Registration
819. Registration Criteria
820. Case 9-4 Experience Hendrix, L.L.C. v. Hammerton
821. Panelist Marylee Jenkins
822. The Parties
823. Factual Background
824. Parties’ Contentions
825. Complainant
826. Respondent
827. Discussion and Findings
828. The Proceeding—Three Elements
829. Element (i)—Domain Name Identical or Confusingly Similar to Mark
830. Element (ii)—Rights or Legitimate Interests in the Domain Name
831. Element (iii)—Domain Name Registered and Used in Bad Faith
832. Decision
833. Casepoint
834. Refusing Registration
835. Registration Review
836. Miss Sexy and Miss Sixty: Confusing?
837. The Term of Registered Trademarks
838. Usage Requirements
839. Know-How
840. B. International Intellectual Property Organizations
841. World Intellectual Property Organization
842. Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
843. C. Intellectual Property Treaties
844. Comprehensive Agreements
845. Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
846. Artistic Property Agreements
847. Berne Convention
848. Rome Convention
849. Phonogram Piracy Convention
850. Satellite Transmission Convention
851. WIPO Copyright Treaty
852. Industrial Property Agreements
853. Paris Convention
854. Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits
855. Patent Cooperation Treaty
856. Agreement on Sources of Goods
857. Trademark Law Treaty
858. D. The International Transfer of Intellectual Property
859. E. Licensing Regulations
860. Territorial Restrictions
861. Export Restrictions
862. Case 9-5 L’Oréal v. eBay
863. Casepoint
864. Cartels
865. Exclusive Licenses
866. Case 9-6 Ransome-Kuti v. Phonogram, Ltd.
867. Judge Edusei
868. Casepoint
869. Sales and Distribution Arrangements
870. Price-Fixing
871. Noncompetition Clauses
872. Challenges to Validity
873. Tying Clauses
874. Quantity and Field-of-Use Restrictions
875. U.S. Uses International Trade Commission to Block Imports
876. Restrictions on Research and Development
877. Quality Controls
878. Grant-Back Provisions
879. Restrictions That Apply After the Expiration of Intellectual Property Rights
880. Restrictions That Apply After the Expiration of the Licensing Agreement
881. F. Compulsory Licenses
882. Patents
883. Copyrights
884. The AIDS Crisis
885. The WTO Compulsory License Rule Modifications
886. The Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health
887. Importing Under Compulsory Licensing (“Paragraph 6”)
888. Medicines Patent Pool
889. Compulsory License Issues in Brazil, Thailand, and Ecuador
890. Chapter Questions
891. Copyright Infringement
892. Moral Rights of Authors and Artists
893. Can a Similar “Look and Feel” Be Copyright Infringement?
894. Patents on Previously Known Technology
895. Trademarks and the Shape of Goods
896. Nonuse of a Trademark
897. Importation of Gray Market Goods
898. Legality of Patent Pools and Cross-Licensing Agreements
899. Noncompetition Clauses
900. Chapter 10 Sales
901. Chapter Outline
902. A. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
903. B. Transactions Covered in CISG
904. Opting In and Out
905. Case 10-1 Asante Technologies, Inc. v. PMC-Sierra, Inc.
906. Casepoint
907. Sales Defined
908. Goods Defined
909. Mixed Sales
910. Are Contracts for Enriched Uranium the Sale of Goods or Services?
911. C. Contractual Issues Excluded from the Coverage of CISG
912. Illegality and Incompetency
913. Third-Party Claims and Personal Injuries
914. Preemption
915. D. Interpreting CISG
916. The Convention
917. General Principles
918. Rules of Private International Law
919. E. Interpreting Sales Contracts
920. Statements and Conduct of the Parties
921. Negotiations
922. Practices and Usages
923. Case 10-2 Treibacher Industrie, A.G. v. Allegheny Technologies, Inc.
924. Opinion by Circuit Judge Tjoflat
925. Casepoint
926. Form
927. F. Formation of the Contract
928. The Offer
929. Definiteness
930. Specific Offerees
931. Effectiveness of an Offer
932. Revocation
933. Firm Offers
934. Acceptance
935. Silence
936. Time of Acceptance
937. Assent by Performance of an Act
938. Withdrawal
939. Rejection
940. Acceptance with Modifications
941. Case 10-3 Filanto, SpA v. Chilewich International Corp.
942. Chief Judge Brieant …
943. Casepoint
944. G. General Standards of Performance
945. Fundamental Breach
946. Avoidance
947. Requests for Specific Performance
948. H. Seller’s Obligations
949. Place for Delivery
950. Time for Delivery
951. The Turning Over of Documents
952. Conformity of Goods
953. 10.8.4.1
954. Determining Conformity
955. Third-Party Claims
956. Waiver
957. Time for Examining Goods
958. Notice of Defect
959. Curing Defects
960. I. Buyer’s Obligations
961. Payment of the Price
962. Case 10-4 The Natural Gas Case
963. Decision of the Court
964. [The Breach]
965. [Indemnification]
966. [Loss of Profits]
967. Duty to Mitigate
968. Casepoint
969. Taking Delivery
970. J. The Passing of Risk
971. Agreement of the Parties
972. Case 10-5 Chicago Prime Packers, Inc. v. Northam Food Trading Co.
973. Legal Discussion
974. Casepoint
975. Means of Delivery
976. Goods Transported by Carrier
977. Shipment Contracts
978. Transshipment Contracts
979. In-Transit Contracts
980. Destination Contracts
981. Goods Delivered Without Being Transported
982. Breach of Contract
983. K. Remedies
984. Buyer’s Remedies
985. Specific Performance
986. Avoidance
987. Case 10-6 The Shoe Seller’s Case
988. Judgment
989. The Court of Appeals affirmed the decision in favor of the plaintiff.
990. Casepoint
991. Reduction in Price
992. Refusing Early Delivery and Excess Quantity
993. The Effect of Nonconformity in a Part of the Goods
994. Seller’s Remedies
995. Specific Performance
996. Avoidance
997. Missing Specifications
998. Remedies Available to Both Buyers and Sellers
999. Suspension of Performance
1000. Anticipatory Avoidance
1001. Avoidance of Installment Contracts
1002. Damages
1003. L. Excuses for Nonperformance
1004. Force Majeure
1005. Dirty Hands
1006. Chapter Questions
1007. Application of the CISG
1008. Various Provisions of the CISG
1009. Rejection Under the CISG
1010. Is Silence Acceptance Under the CISG?
1011. Modification of Contract and Reliance Under the CISG
1012. What Are the Requirements of a Nachfrist Notice?
1013. Risk of Loss Under the CISG
1014. Avoidance of Installment Contracts Under the CISG
1015. Damages for Breach of Contract Under the CISG
1016. Chapter 11 Transportation
1017. Chapter Outline
1018. A. Trade Terms
1019. Case 11-1 St. Paul Guardian Insurance Company v. Neuromed Medical Systems & Support, GmbH
1020. District Judge Sidney H. Stein
1021. Background
1022. Discussion
1023. B. Applicable Law
1024. 2. Applicable German Law
1025. C. Cisg, Incoterms and “CIF”
1026. D. Incoterms, the CISG and the Passage of Risk of Loss and Title
1027. Conclusion
1028. Casepoint
1029. A Note on the Incoterms
1030. “Free” Terms
1031. FOB—Free on Board
1032. FAS—Free Alongside Ship
1033. CIF—Cost, Insurance, and Freight
1034. CFR—Cost and Freight
1035. Case 11-2 Phillips Puerto Rico Core, Inc. v. Tradax Petroleum, Ltd.
1036. Circuit Judge mansfield …
1037. Discussion
1038. Force Majeure
1039. Defects in the Documents
1040. The Suitability of the Oxy Trader
1041. Casepoint
1042. FCA—Free Carrier
1043. EXW—Ex Works
1044. B. Transportation
1045. C. Inland Carriage
1046. D. Carriage of Goods by Sea
1047. Common Carriage
1048. The Bill of Lading
1049. Receipt for Goods
1050. Case 11-3 M. Golodetz & Co., Inc. v. Czarnikow-Rionda Co., Inc. (The Galitia)
1051. Opinion by Judge Donaldson
1052. The Dispute
1053. The Sellers’ Claim to the Price
1054. Conclusion
1055. Casepoint
1056. Contract of Carriage
1057. Document of Title
1058. Carrier’s Duties Under a Bill of Lading
1059. Carrier’s Immunities
1060. Case 11-4 Great China Metal Industries Co. Ltd. v. Malaysian International Shipping Corp.
1061. Opinion by Justices Gaudron, Gummow and Hayne
1062. Uniform Construction
1063. Casepoint
1064. Liability Limits
1065. Case 11-5 Croft & Scully Co. v. M/V Skulptor Vuchetich et al.
1066. Circuit Judge John R. Brown
1067. Things Go Better with Coke
1068. Pepsi Cola Hits the Spot—On the Pavement
1069. Dr. Pepper at 10, 2, and § 1304
1070. A Peek at the Himalaya Clause
1071. Don’t Judge the Package by Its Appearance
1072. Customary Freight Unit
1073. Recap
1074. Casepoint
1075. Time Limitations
1076. Piracy on the Seas
1077. Third-Party Rights (Himalaya Clause)
1078. E. Charterparties
1079. Voyage Charterparties
1080. Time Charterparties
1081. Charterparties and Bills of Lading
1082. F. Maritime Liens
1083. Case 11-6 The Chinese Seamen’s Foreign Technical Services Co. v. Soto Grande Shipping Corp., Sa
1084. The Facts
1085. The Seizure and Sale
1086. The Suit
1087. The Rulings
1088. The Preliminary Distribution of The Sales Proceeds
1089. The Final Distribution of Sales Proceeds
1090. Casepoint
1091. G. Maritime Insurance
1092. Perils
1093. Case 11-7 Assicurazioni Generali (Underwriters) v. Black & Veatch
1094. Casepoint
1095. Average Clauses
1096. H. Carriage of Goods by Air
1097. Chapter Questions
1098. Shipping Terms—FOB, FAS
1099. Shipping Terms—CIF
1100. Effect of the Bill of Lading
1101. The Hague and Hague-Visby Rules
1102. Maritime Liens
1103. Chapter 12 Financing
1104. Chapter Outline
1105. Introduction
1106. A. Financing Foreign Trade
1107. B. Bills of Lading
1108. C. Bills of Exchange
1109. The Law Governing Bills of Exchange
1110. Types of Bills of Exchange
1111. Time and Sight Bills
1112. Trade Acceptances
1113. Checks
1114. D. Promissory Notes
1115. E. Negotiability of Bills and Notes
1116. Unconditional Promise or Order to Pay
1117. Promise or Order
1118. Unconditionality
1119. Definite Sum of Money or Monetary Unit of Account
1120. Money
1121. Definite Sum
1122. Payable on Demand or at a Definite Time
1123. Signed by the Maker or Drawer
1124. F. The Negotiation and Transfer of Bills and Notes
1125. Assignment
1126. Negotiation
1127. Negotiating Order Paper
1128. Negotiating Bearer Paper
1129. Converting Order to Bearer Paper and Bearer to Order Paper
1130. Case 12-1 Miller v. Race
1131. Opinion by Lord Mansfield
1132. Casepoint
1133. Endorsements
1134. Qualified Endorsements
1135. Restrictive Endorsements
1136. Forged Endorsements
1137. Case 12-2 Mair v. Bank of Nova Scotia
1138. Opinion by Appellate Judge Berridge
1139. Casepoint
1140. Limitations on the Excuses That Drawers and Makers Can Use to Avoid Paying Off a Bill or Note
1141. Liabilities of Makers, Drawers, Drawees, Endorsers, and Accommodation Parties
1142. Liability on the Instrument
1143. Case 12-3 Far East Realty Investment, Inc. v. Court of Appeals
1144. Opinion by Justice Paras
1145. Casepoint
1146. Warranty Liability
1147. The Role of Banks in Collecting and Paying Negotiable Instruments
1148. Case 12-4 Charles R. Allen, Inc. v. Island Cooperative Services Cooperative Association
1149. Opinion by Justice Moss
1150. Casepoint
1151. G. Letters of Credit
1152. Governing Law
1153. Applying for a Letter of Credit
1154. The Consequences of Not Obtaining a Letter of Credit
1155. Case 12-5 Trans Trust Sprl v. Danubian Trading Co., Ltd.
1156. Opinion by Lord Justice Denning
1157. Casepoint
1158. Documentary Formalities
1159. Advising and Confirming Letters of Credit
1160. The Obligations of Banks
1161. The Rule of Strict Compliance
1162. Amendments
1163. Waiver
1164. Fraud
1165. Fraud in the Collection Process
1166. Case 12-6 Sztejn v. J. Henry Schroeder Banking Corp.
1167. Opinion by Justice Shientag
1168. Casepoint
1169. Rights and Responsibilities of the Account Party
1170. Rights and Responsibilities of Beneficiaries
1171. Standby Letters of Credit
1172. H. Financing Foreign Operations
1173. Private Sources of Capital
1174. Governmental Sources of Capital
1175. Host Country Development Banks and Government Agencies
1176. Home Country Import and Export Financing Agencies
1177. Regional and International Development Agencies
1178. I. Countertrade
1179. Chapter Questions
1180. Types of Instruments
1181. Negotiability Issues
1182. Liability of the Drawer Where the Payee Is Fictitious
1183. Rights of the Holder
1184. Effect of Alteration of the Instrument
1185. Fraud in the Execution
1186. Letter-of-Credit Requirements
1187. Duty of a Bank Under a Letter of Credit
1188. Case Index

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