Energy Environment and Climate 3rd Edition Wolfson Solutions Manual

Chapter 1 A Changing Planet 1

1.1 Earth’s Beginnings 1

1.2 Early Primitive Life 2

1.3 Evolution of Earth’s Atmosphere 4

1.4 Aerobic Life 5

1.5 Earth’s Changing Climate 7

1.6 Earth’s Energy Endowment 9

1.7 The Human Era 14

Chapter Review 17

Chapter 2 High-Energy Society 20

2.1 Energy and Power 20

2.2 Your Energy Servants 22

2.3 Your Energy Servants’ Jobs 25

2.4 Who Are Your Servants? 27

2.5 What Energy Servants Buy Us 28

2.6 Policy Issue: Measuring Quality of Life 30

Chapter Review 31

Chapter 3 Energy: A Closer Look 34

3.1 Forms of Energy 35

3.2 Electrical Energy: A Closer Look 37

3.3 Quantifying Energy 43

3.4 Energy and Work 50

3.5 Work and Kinetic Energy 53

3.6 The Role of Friction 54

3.7 The Art of Estimation 54

3.8 Wrapping Up 56

Chapter Review 57

Chapter 4 Energy and Heat 61

4.1 Heat and Thermal Energy 61

4.2 Temperature 62

4.3 Heat Transfer 63

4.4 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat 75

4.5 State Changes and Latent Heat 76

4.6 Energy Quality 77

4.7 Entropy, Heat Engines, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 80

4.8 Energy Quality, End Use, and Cogeneration 84

4.9 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps 87

4.10 Energy Overview 88

Chapter Review 88

Chapter 5 Fossil Energy 93

5.1 The Origin of Fossil Fuels 93

5.2 The Fossil Fuels 96

5.3 Energy from Fossil Fuels 99

5.4 Fossil Energy Technologies 100

5.5 Fossil Fuel Resources 111

5.6 Will We Run Out? 117

5.7 Policy Issue: A Price on Carbon? 122

Chapter Review 124

Chapter 6 Environmental Impacts of Fossil Fuels 128

6.1 What’s Pollution? 128

6.2 Air Pollution 130

6.3 Other Environmental Impacts of Fossil Fuels 144

6.4 Policy Issue: The Clean Air Act 151

Chapter Review 154

Chapter 7 Nuclear Energy 158

7.1 The Atomic Nucleus 160

7.2 Radioactivity 163

7.3 Energy from the Nucleus 167

7.4 Nuclear Fission 169

7.5 Nuclear Reactors 174

7.6 The Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Uranium Reserves 180

7.7 Environmental and Health Impacts of Nuclear Energy 186

7.8 Policy Issue: A Nuclear Renaissance? 194

7.9 Nuclear Fusion 195

Chapter Review 201

Chapter 8 Energy from Earth and Moon 205

8.1 The Geothermal Resource 205

8.2 Geothermal Energy Technology 209

8.3 Environmental Impacts of Geothermal Energy 214

8.4 Geothermal Heat Pumps 215

8.5 Tidal and Ocean Energy 220

Chapter Review 224

Chapter 9 Direct From the Sun: Solar Energy 227

9.1 The Solar Resource 227

9.2 Photovoltaic Solar Energy 233

9.3 Solar Heating 240

9.4 Solar Thermal Power Systems 247

9.5 Other Solar Applications 251

9.6 Environmental Impacts of Solar Energy 252

9.7 Policy Issue: Expanding Solar Energy 253

Chapter Review 256

Chapter 10 Indirect from the Sun: Water, Wind, Biomass 260

10.1 Hydropower 260

10.2 Wind 268

10.3 Biomass 276

10.4 Other Indirect Solar Energy Sources 287

Chapter Review 289

Chapter 11 Energy Carriers: Electricity and Hydrogen 292

11.1 Electricity 293

11.2 Toward a Hydrogen Economy? 308

11.3 Electric Cars 315

Chapter Review 319

Chapter 12 The Science of Climate 323

12.1 Keeping a House Warm 323

12.2 Keeping a Planet Warm 324

12.3 In the Greenhouse 327

12.4 Earth’s Energy Balance 334

12.5 A Tale of Three Planets 338

Chapter Review 341

Chapter 13 Forcing the Climate 344

13.1 Climate Forcing 344

13.2 Climate Sensitivity 346

13.3 Feedback Effects 348

13.4 Natural and Anthropogenic Forcings 350

13.5 Carbon: A Closer Look 360

Chapter Review 364

Chapter 14 Is Earth Warming? 368

14.1 Taking Earth’s Temperature 368

14.2 Other Changes in Climate 378

14.3 Are We to Blame? 383

Chapter Review

Chapter 15 Future Climates 389

15.1 Modeling Climate 389

15.2 Climate Projections 396

15.3 Consequences of Global Climate Change 400

15.4 Climate Change and Society 408

Chapter Review 410

Chapter 16 Energy and Climate: Breaking the Link 414

16.1 Carbon Emissions: Where We’re Going and Where We Need to Be 415

16.2 Geoengineering 419

16.3 Carbon Capture and Storage 422

16.4 Nonfossil Energy Sources 425

16.5 Using Less Energy 427

16.6 Strategies for a Sustainable Future 436

Chapter Review 442

Appendix App-1

Glossary G-1

Suggested Readings SR-1

Answers to Odd-Numbered Questions and Exercises ANS-1

Credits and Data Sources CDS-1

Index I-1

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