Chemistry A Molecular Approach 4th Edition Tro Solutions Manual

Chemistry A Molecular Approach 4th Edition Tro Solutions Manual

Product details:

• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0134112830
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0134112831
• Author: Nivaldo Tro

The Fourth Edition of Niva Tro’s Chemistry: A Molecular Approach reinforces development of 21^st century skills including data interpretation and analysis, problem solving and quantitative reasoning, applying conceptual understanding to new situations and peer-to-peer collaboration.

Nivaldo Tro presents chemistry visually through multi-level images–macroscopic, molecular, and symbolic representations–helping readers see the connections between the world they see around them (macroscopic), the atoms and molecules that compose the world (molecular), and the formulas they write down on paper (symbolic). The benefits of Dr. Tro’s problem-solving approach are reinforced through digital, Interactive Worked Examples that provide an office-hour type of environment and expanded coverage on the latest developments in chemistry. New Key Concept Videos explain difficult concepts while new end-of-chapter problems including Group Work questions and Data Interpretation and Analysis questions engage readers in applying their understanding of chemistry. The revision has been constructed to easily incorporate material to engage readers.

Table contents:

Chapter 1 
Matter, Measurement, and Problem Solving
1.1 Atoms and Molecules
1.2 The Scientific Approach to Knowledge
	The Nature of Science: Thomas S. Kuhn and Scientific Revolutions
1.3 The Classification of Matter
	The States of Matter: Solid, Liquid, and Gas
	Classifying Matter According to Its Composition: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
	Separating Mixtures
1.4 Physical and Chemical Changes and Physical and Chemical Properties
1.5 Energy: A Fundamental Part of Physical and Chemical Change
1.6 The Units of Measurement
	The Standard Units
	The Meter: A Measure of Length
	The Kilogram: A Measure of Mass
	The Second: A Measure of Time
	The Kelvin: A Measure of Temperature
	Prefix Multipliers
	Derived Units: Volume and Density
	Calculating Density
	Chemistry and Medicine: Bone Density 
1.7 The Reliability of a Measurement
	Counting Significant Figures
	Exact Numbers
	Significant Figures in Calculations
	Precision and Accuracy
	Chemistry in Your Day: Integrity in Data Gathering
1.8 Solving Chemical Problems
	Converting from One Unit to Another
	General Problem-Solving Strategy
	Units Raised to a Power
	Order of Magnitude Estimations
	Problems Involving an Equation
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 2
Atoms and Elements
2.1 Imaging and Moving Individual Atoms
2.2 Early Ideas about the Building Blocks of Matter
2.3 Modern Atomic Theory and the Laws That Led to It
	The Law of Conservation of Mass
	The Law of Definite Proportions
	The Law of Multiple Proportions
	John Dalton and the Atomic Theory
	Chemistry in Your Day: Atoms and Humans
2.4 The Discovery of the Electron
	Cathode Rays
	Millikan¿s Oil Drop Experiment: The Charge of the Electron
2.5 The Structure of the Atom
2.6 Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons in Atoms
	Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons
	Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies
	Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons
2.7 Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
	Ions and the Periodic Table
	Chemistry and Medicine: The Elements of Life
2.8 Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Element¿s Atoms
	Mass Spectrometry: Measuring the Mass of Atoms and Molecules
2.9 Molar Mass: Counting Atoms by Weighing Them
	The Mole: A Chemist¿s ¿Dozen¿
	Converting between Number of Moles and Number of Atoms
	Converting between Mass and Amount (Number of Moles)
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 3
Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations
3.1 Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Water
3.2 Chemical Bonds
3.3 Representing Compounds: Chemical Formulas and Molecular Models 
	Types of Chemical Formulas
	Molecular Models
3.4 An Atomic-Level View of Elements and Compounds
3.5 Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Names
	Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds
	Naming Ionic Compounds
	Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
	Naming Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal That Forms More than One 	Kind of Cation
	Naming Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
	Hydrated Ionic Compounds
3.6 Molecular Compounds: Formulas and Names
	Naming Molecular Compounds
	Naming Acids
	Naming Binary Acids
	Naming Oxyacids
	Chemistry in the Environment: Acid Rain
3.7 Formula Mass and the Mole Concept for Compounds
	Molar Mass of a Compound
	Using Molar Mass to Count Molecules by Weighing
3.8 Composition of Compounds
	Mass Percent Composition as a Conversion Factor
	Conversion Factors from Chemical Formulas
	Chemistry and Medicine: Methylmercury in Fish
3.9 Determining a Chemical Formula from Experimental Data
	Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds
	Combustion Analysis
3.10 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
	How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations
3.11 Organic Compounds
	Hydrocarbons
	Functionalized Hydrocarbons
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 4
Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions
4.1 Global Warming and the Combustion of Fossil Fuels
4.2 Reaction Stoichiometry: How Much Carbon Dioxide? 
	Making Pizza: The Relationship among Ingredients
	Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions
	Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions
4.3 Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield 
	Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Reactant Masses
	Chemistry in the Environment: MTBE in Gasoline
4.4 Solution Concentration and Solution Stoichiometry
	Solution Concentration
Using Molarity in Calculations
	Solution Dilution 
	Solution Stoichiometry
4.5 Types of Aqueous Solutions and Solubility
	Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions
	The Solubility of Ionic Compounds
4.6 Precipitation Reactions
4.7 Representing Aqueous Reactions: Molecular, Ionic, and Complete Ionic Equations
4.8 Acid¿Base and Gas-Evolution Reactions
	Acid¿Base Reactions
	Acid¿Base Titrations
	Gas-Evolution Reactions
4.9 Oxidation¿Reduction Reactions
	Oxidation States
	Identifying Redox Reactions
	Chemistry in Your Day: Bleached Blonde
	Combustion Reactions 
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 5
Gases
5.1 Water from Wells: Atmospheric Pressure at Work
5.2 Pressure: The Result of Molecular Collisions
	Pressure Units
	The Manometer: A Way to Measure Pressure in the Laboratory
	Chemistry and Medicine: Blood Pressure
5.3 The Simple Gas Laws: Boyle¿s Law, Charles¿s Law, and Avogadro¿s Law
	Boyle¿s Law: Volume and Pressure
	Chemistry in Your Day: Extralong Snorkels
	Charles¿s Law: Volume and Temperature
	Avogadro¿s Law: Volume and Amount (in Moles)
5.4 The Ideal Gas Law
5.5 Applications of the Ideal Gas Law: Molar Volume, Density, and Molar Mass of a Gas
	Molar Volume at Standard Temperature and Pressure
	Density of a Gas
	Molar Mass of a Gas
5.6 Mixtures of Gases and Partial Pressures
	Deep-Sea Diving and Partial Pressure 
	Collecting Gases over Water
5.7 Gases in Chemical Reactions: Stoichiometry Revisited
	Molar Volume and Stoichiometry
5.8 Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases
	Kinetic Molecular Theory and the Ideal Gas Law
	Temperature and Molecular Velocities
5.9 Mean Free Path, Diffusion, and Effusion of Gases
5.10 Real Gases: The Effects of Size and Intermolecular Forces
	The Effect of the Finite Volume of Gas Particles
	The Effect of Intermolecular Forces
	Van der Waals¿ Equation
	Real Gases
5.11 Chemistry of the Atmosphere: Air Pollution and Ozone Depletion
	Air Pollution
	Ozone Depletion
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 6
Thermochemistry
6.1 Light the Furnace: The Nature of Energy and Its Transformations
	The Nature of Energy: Key Definitions
	Units of Energy
6.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics: There Is No Free Lunch
	Chemistry in Your Day: Redheffer¿s Perpetual Motion Machine
	Internal Energy 
6.3 Quantifying Heat and Work
	Heat
	Work: Pressure¿Volume Work
6.4 Measuring ?E for Chemical Reactions: Constant-Volume Calorimetry
6.5 Enthalpy: The Heat Evolved in a Chemical Reaction at Constant Pressure
	Exothermic and Endothermic Processes: A Molecular View
	Stoichiometry Involving ?H: Thermochemical Equations
6.6 Constant-Pressure Calorimetry: Measuring ?Hrxn
6.7 Relationships Involving ?Hrxn
6.8 Enthalpies of Reaction from Standard Heats of Formation
	Standard States and Standard Enthalpy Changes
	Calculating the Standard Enthalpy Change for a Reaction
6.9 Energy Use and the Environment
	Environmental Problems Associated with Fossil Fuel Use
	Chemistry in the Environment: Renewable Energy
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 7
The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom
7.1 Quantum Mechanics: A Theory That Explains the Behavior of the Absolutely Small
7.2 The Nature of Light
	The Wave Nature of Light
	The Electromagnetic Spectrum
	Chemistry and Medicine: Radiation Treatment for Cancer
	Interference and Diffraction
	The Particle Nature of Light
7.3 Atomic Spectroscopy and the Bohr Model 
	Chemistry in Your Day: Atomic Spectroscopy, a Bar Code for Atoms
7.4 The Wave Nature of Matter: The de Broglie Wavelength, the Uncertainty Principle, and Probability
	The de Broglie Wavelength
	The Uncertainty Principle
	Indeterminacy and Probability Distribution Maps
7.5 Quantum Mechanics and the Atom
	Solutions to the Schrödinger Equation for the Hydrogen Atom
	Atomic Spectroscopy Explained
7.6 The Shapes of Atomic Orbitals
	p Orbitals (l = 1)
	d Orbitals (l = 2) 
	f Orbitals (l = 3)
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 8
Periodic Properties of the Elements
8.1 Nerve Signal Transmission
8.2 The Development of the Periodic Table
8.3 Electron Configurations: How Electrons Occupy Orbitals
	Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle
	Sublevel Energy Splitting in Multielectron Atoms
	Electron Configurations for Multielectron Atoms
8.4 Electron Configurations, Valence Electrons, and the Periodic Table
	Orbital Blocks in the Periodic Table
	Writing an Electron Configuration for an Element from Its Position in the Periodic Table 
	The Transition and Inner Transition Elements
8.5 The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model
8.6 Periodic Trends in the Size of Atoms and Effective Nuclear Charge
	Effective Nuclear Charge
	Atomic Radii and the Transition Elements
8.7 Ions: Electron Configurations, Magnetic Properties, Ionic Radii, and Ionization Energy
	Electron Configurations and Magnetic Properties of Ions
	Ionic Radii
	Ionization Energy
	Trends in First Ionization Energy
	Exceptions to Trends in First Ionization Energy
	Trends in Second and Successive Ionization Energies
8.8 Electron Affinities and Metallic Character
	Electron Affinity
	Metallic Character
8.9 Some Examples of Periodic Chemical Behavior: The Alkali Metals, the Halogens, and the Noble Gases
	The Alkali Metals (Group 1A)
	The Halogens (Group 7A)
	Chemistry and Medicine: Potassium Iodide in Radiation Emergencies
	The Noble Gases (Group 8A)
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 9
Chemical Bonding I: Lewis Theory
9.1 Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs
9.2 Types of Chemical Bonds
9.3 Representing Valance Electrons with Dots
9.4 Ionic Bonding: Lewis Structures and Lattice Energies
	Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer
	Lattice Energy: The Rest of the Story
	The Born¿Haber Cycle
	Trends in Lattice Energies: Ion Size
	Trends in Lattice Energies: Ion Charge
	Ionic Bonding: Models and Reality
	Chemistry and Medicine: Ionic Compounds as Drugs
9.5 Covalent Bonding: Lewis Structure
	Single Covalent Bonds
	Double and Triple Covalent Bonds
	Covalent Bonding: Models and Reality
9.6 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
	Electronegativity
	Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character
9.7 Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions
	Writing Lewis Structures for Molecular Compounds
	Writing Lewis Structures for Polyatomic Ions
9.8 Resonance and Formal Charge
	Resonance
	Formal Charge
9.9 Exceptions to the Octet Rule: Odd-Electron Species, Incomplete Octets, and Expanded Octets
	Odd-Electron Species
	Chemistry in the Environment: Free Radicals and the Atmospheric Vacuum Cleaner
	Incomplete Octets
	Expanded Octets
9.10 Bond Energies and Bond Lengths
	Bond Energy
	Using Average Bond Energies to Estimate Enthalpy Changes for Reactions
	Bond Lengths
	Chemistry in the Environment: The Lewis Structure of Ozone
9.11 Bonding in Metals: The Electron Sea Model 
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 10
Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Shapes, Valance Bond Theory, and Molecular 	Orbital Theory
10.1 Artificial Sweeteners: Fooled by Molecular Shape
10.2 VSEPR Theory: The Five Basic Shapes
	Two Electron Groups: Linear Geometry
	Three Electron Groups: Trigonal Planar Geometry
	Four Electron Groups: Tetrahedral Geometry
	Five Electron Groups: Trigonal Bipyramidal Geometry
Six Electron Groups: Octahedral Geometry
10.3 VSEPR Theory: The Effect of Lone Pairs
	Four Electron Groups with Lone Pairs
	Five Electron Groups with Lone Pairs
	Six Electron Groups with Lone Pairs
	Summary of VSEPR theory
10.4 VSEPR Theory: Predicting Molecular Geometries 
	Predicting the Shapes of Larger Molecules
10.5 Molecular Shape and Polarity
	Chemistry in Your Day: How Soap Works
10.6 Valence Bond Theory: Orbital Overlap as a Chemical Bond
10.7 Valence Bond Theory: Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
	sp3 Hybridization
	sp2 Hybridization and Double Bonds
	Chemistry in Your Day: The Chemistry of Vision
	sp Hybridization and Triple Bonds
	sp3d and sp3d2 Hybridization
	Writing Hybridization and Bonding Schemes
10.8 Molecular Orbital Theory: Electron Delocalization
	Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO)
	Main Ideas in Applying LCAO¿MO Theory
	Period Two Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
	Period Two Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules
	Polyatomic Molecules
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 11
Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces
11.1 Climbing Geckos and Intermolecular Forces
11.2 Solids, Liquids, and Gases: A Molecular Comparison
	Changes between Phases
11.3 Intermolecular Forces: The Forces That Hold Condensed Phases Together
	Dispersion Force
	Dipole¿Dipole Force
	Hydrogen Bonding
	Ion¿Dipole Force
	Chemistry and Medicine: Hydrogen Bonding in DNA
11.4 Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension, Viscosity, and Capillary Action
	Surface Tension
	Viscosity
	Chemistry in Your Day: Viscosity and Motor Oil
	Capillary Action
11.5 Vaporization and Vapor Pressure
	The Process of Vaporization
	The Energetics of Vaporization
	Vapor Pressure and Dynamic Equilibrium
	Temperature Dependence of Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point
	The Clausius¿Clapeyron Equation
	The Critical Point: The Transition to an Unusual Phase of Matter 
11.6 Sublimation and Fusion
	Sublimation
	Fusion
	Energetics of Melting and Freezing
11.7 Heating Curve for Water
11.8 Phase Diagrams
	The Major Features of a Phase Diagram
	Navigation within a Phase Diagram
	The Phase Diagrams of Other Substances
11.9 Water: An Extraordinary Substance
	Chemistry in the Environment: Water Pollution
11.10 Crystalline Solids: Determining Their Structure by X-Ray Crystallography
11.11 Crystalline Solids: Unit Cells and Basic Structures
	
	Closeest-Packed Structures
11.12 Crystalline Solids: The Fundamental Types
	Molecular Solids
	Ionic Solids
	Atomic Solids
11.13 Crystalline Solids: Band Theory
	Doping: Controlling the Conductivity of Semiconductors
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 12
Solutions
12.1 Thirsty Solutions: Why You Should Not Drink Seawater
12.2 Types of Solutions and Solubility
	Nature¿s Tendency toward Mixing: Entropy
	The Effect of Intermolecular Forces
12.3 Energetics of Solution Formation 
	Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration
12.4 Solution Equilibrium and Factors Affecting Solubility 
	The Temperature Dependence of the Solubility of Solids
	Factors Affecting the Solubility of Gases in Water
	Chemistry in the Environment: Lake Nyos
12.5 Expressing Solution Concentration 
	Molarity
	Molality
	Parts by Mass and Parts by Volume
	Chemistry in the Environment: The Dirty Dozen
	Mole Fraction and Mole Percent
12.6 Vapor Pressure of Solutions 
	Ionic Solutes and Vapor Pressure 
	Ideal and Nonideal Solutions
12.7 Freezing Point Depression, Boiling Point Elevation, and Osmosis
	Freezing Point Depression
	Chemistry in Your Day: Antifreeze in Frogs
	Boiling Point Elevation
	Osmosis
	Colligative Properties of Ionic Solutions
	Colligative Properties and Medical Solutions	
12.8 Colloids
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 13
Chemical Kinetics
13.1 Catching Lizards
13.2 Rate of a Chemical Reaction
	Measuring Reaction Rates
13.3 The Rate Law: The Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
	Determining the Order of a Reaction
	Reaction Order for Multiple Reactants
13.4 The Integrated Rate Law: The Dependence of Concentration on Time
	The Half-Life of a Reaction
13.5 The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate
	Arrhenius Plots: Experimental Measurements of the Frequency Factor and the Activation Energy
	The Collision Model: A Closer Look at the Frequency Factor
13.6 Reaction Mechanisms
	Rate Laws for Elementary Steps
	Rate-Determining Steps and Overall Reaction Rate Laws
	Mechanisms with a Fast Initial Step
13.7 Catalysis
	Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis
	Enzymes: Biological Catalysts
	Chemistry and Medicine: Enzyme Catalysis and the Role of Chymotrypsin in 	Digestion
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 14
Chemical Equilibrium 
14.1 Fetal Hemoglobin and Equilibrium
14.2 The Concept of Dynamic Equilibrium
	Chemistry and Medicine: Life and Equilibrium
14.3 The Equilibrium Constant (K)
	Expressing Equilibrium Constants for Chemical Reactions
	The Significance of the Equilibrium Constant
	Relationships between the Equilibrium Constant and the Chemical Equation
14.4 Expressing the Equilibrium Constant in Terms of Pressure
	Units of K
14.5 Heterogeneous Equilibria: Reactions Involving Solids and Liquids
14.6 Calculating the Equilibrium Constant from Measured Equilibrium Concentrations
14.7 The Reaction Quotient: Predicting the Direction of Change
14.8 Finding Equilibrium Concentrations
	Finding Equilibrium Concentrations When You Are Given the Equilibrium Constant and All but One Equilibrium Concentrations of the Reactants or Products
	Finding Equilibrium Concentrations When You Are Given the Equilibrium Constant and Initial Concentrations or Pressures
	Simplifying Approximations in Working Equilibrium Problems
14.9 Le Châtelier¿s Principle: How a System at Equilibrium Responds to Disturbances
	The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium 
	The Effect of a Volume (or Pressure) Change on Equilibrium
	The Effect of a Temperature Change on Equilibrium
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 15
Acids and Bases
15.1 Heartburn
15.2 The Nature of Acids and Bases
15.3 Definitions of Acids and Bases
	The Arrhenius Definition
	The Brønsted¿Lowry Definition
15.4 Acid Strength and the Acid Dissociation Constant (Ka)
	Strong Acids
	Weak Acids
	The Acid Ionization Constant (Ka)
15.5 Autoionization of Water and pH
	The pH Scale: A Way to Quantify Acidity and Basicity
	pOH and Other p Scales
	Chemistry and Medicine: Ulcers
15.6 Finding the [H3O+] and pH of Strong and Weak Acid Solutions
	Percent Ionization of a Weak Acid
	Mixtures of Acids
	A Strong Acid and a Weak Acid
	A Mixture of Two Weak Acids
15.7 Base Solutions
	Strong Bases
	Weak Bases
	Finding [OH-] and pH of Basic Solutions [Comp: Superscript minus needed.]
	Chemistry and Medicine: What¿s in My Antacid?
15.8 The Acid¿Base Properties of Ions and Salts
	Anions as Weak Bases
	Cations as Weak Acids
	Classifying Salt Solutions as Acidic, Basic, or Neutral
15.9 Polyprotic Acids
	Finding the pH of Polyprotic Acid Solutions
	Finding the Concentration of the Anions for a Weak Diprotic Acid Solution 
15.10 Acid Strength and Molecular Structure
	Binary Acids 
	Oxyacids
15.11 Lewis Acids and Bases
	Molecules That Act as Lewis Acids
	Cations That Act as Lewis Acids
15.12 Acid Rain
	Effects of Acid Rain
	Acid Rain Legislation
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 16
Aqueous Ionic Equilibrium
16.1 The Danger of Antifreeze
16.2 Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change
	Calculating the pH of a Buffer Solution
	The Henderson¿Hasselbalch Equation
	Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution
	Buffers Containing a Base and Its Conjugate Acid
16.3 Buffer Effectiveness: Buffer Range and Buffer Capacity
	Relative Amounts of Acid and Base
	Absolute Concentrations of the Acid and Conjugate Base
	Buffer Range
	Buffer Capacity
	Chemistry and Medicine: Buffer Effectiveness in Human Blood
16.4 Titrations and pH Curves
	The Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base
	The Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base
	Titration of a Polyprotic Acid
	Indicators: pH-Dependent Colors
16.5 Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product Constant 
	Ksp and Molar Solubility 
	Chemistry in Your Day: Hard Water
	Ksp and Relative Solubility
	The Effect of a Common Ion on Solubility 
	The Effect of pH on Solubility 
16.6 Precipitation 
	Selective Precipitation 
16.7 Qualitative Chemical Analysis
	Group I: Insoluble Chlorides
	Group II: Acid-Insoluble Sulfides
	Group III: Base-Insoluble Sulfides and Hydroxides
	Group IV: Insoluble Carbonates
	Group V: Alkali Metals and NH4+
16.8 Complex Ion Equilibria
	The Effect of Complex Ion Equilibria on Solubility 
	The Solubility of Amphoteric Metal Hydroxides
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 17
Free Energy and Thermodynamics
17.1 Nature¿s Heat Tax: You Can¿t Win and You Can¿t Break Even
17.2 Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Processes
17.3 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
	Entropy
	The Entropy Change Associated with a Change in State
17.4 Heat Transfer and Changes in the Entropy of the Surroundings
	The Temperature Dependence of ?Ssurr
	Quantifying Entropy Changes in the Surroundings
17.5 Gibbs Free Energy
	The Effect of ?H, ?S, and T on Spontaneity
17.6 Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions: Calculating ?Srxn°
	[Comp: Stack degree over subscripts (x10).]
Standard Molar Entropies (S°) and the Third Law of Thermodynamics
	Relative Standard Entropies: Gases, Liquids, and Solids
17.7 Free Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions: Calculating ?Grxn°
	Calculating Free Energy Changes using ?Grxn° = ?Hrxn° - T ?Srxn° [Comp: Set minus]
	Calculating ?Grxn° using Tabulated Values of Free Energies of Formation
	Determining ?Grxn° for a Stepwise Reaction from the Changes in Free Energy for 		Each of the Steps 
	Chemistry in Your Day: Making a Nonspontaneous Process Spontaneous
	Why Free Energy Is ¿Free¿
17.8 Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States: The Relationship between ?Grxn° and ?Grxn
	The Free Energy of Reaction under Nonstandard Conditions
17.9 Free Energy and Equilibrium: Relating ?Grxn° to the Equilibrium Constant (K)
	The Temperature Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant 
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 18
Electrochemistry 
18.1 Pulling the Plug on the Power Grid
18.2 Balancing Oxidation¿Reduction Equations
18.3 Voltaic (or Galvanic) Cells: Generating Electricity from Spontaneous Chemical Reactions
	Electrochemical Cell Notation 
18.4 Standard Reduction Potentials
	Predicting the Spontaneous Direction of an Oxidation¿Reduction Reaction
	Predicting whether a Metal Will Dissolve in Acid 
18.5 Cell Potential, Free Energy, and the Equilibrium Constant
		The Relationship between ?Go and Eocell [Comp: Set degree (x3), stack over subscript (x2).]
		The Relationship between Eocell and K
18.6 Cell Potential and Concentration
		Concentration Cells
		Chemistry and Medicine: Concentration Cells in Human Nerve Cells
18.7 Batteries: Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity 
		Dry-Cell Batteries
		Lead¿Acid Storage Batteries
		Other Rechargeable Batteries
		Fuel Cells
		Chemistry in Your Day: The Fuel-Cell Breathalyzer
18.8 Electrolysis: Driving Nonspontaneous Chemical Reactions with Electricity
		Predicting the Products of Electrolysis
		Stoichiometry of Electrolysis
18.9 Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions
		Preventing Corrosion
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 19
Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry 
19.1 Diagnosing Appendicitis
19.2 The Discovery of Radioactivity
19.3 Types of Radioactivity
	Alpha (?) Decay
	Beta (?) Decay
	Gamma (?) Ray Emission
	Positron Emission
	Electron Capture
19.4 The Valley of Stability: Predicting the Type of Radioactivity 
	Magic Numbers
	Radioactive Decay Series
19.5 Detecting Radioactivity 
19.6 The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating
	Chemistry in the Environment: Environmental Radon
	The Integrated Rate Law
	Radiocarbon Dating: Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Artifacts
	Chemistry in Your Day: Radiocarbon Dating and the Shroud of Turin
	Uranium¿Lead Dating
	The Age of the Earth
19.7 The Discovery of Fission: The Atomic Bomb and Nuclear Power
	Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity 
19.8 Converting Mass to Energy: Mass Defect and Nuclear Binding Energy
	Mass Defect
19.9 Nuclear Fusion: The Power of the Sun
19.10 Nuclear Transmutation and Transuranium Elements
19.11 The Effects of Radiation on Life
	Acute Radiation Damage
	Increased Cancer Risk
	Genetic Defects
	Measuring Radiation Exposure
19.12 Radioactivity in Medicine and Other Applications
	Diagnosis in Medicine
	Radiotherapy in Medicine
	Other Applications
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 20
Organic Chemistry 
20.1 Fragrances and Odors
20.2 Carbon: Why It Is Unique
	Chemistry in Your Day: Vitalism and the Perceived Difference between Organic and Inorganic
20.3 Hydrocarbons: Compounds Containing Only Carbon and Hydrogen
	Drawing Hydrocarbon Structures
	Stereoisomerism and Optical Isomerism 
20.4 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons
	Naming Alkanes
20.5 Alkenes and Alkynes
	Naming Alkenes and Alkynes
	Geometric (cis¿trans) Isomerism in Alkenes
20.6 Hydrocarbon Reactions
	Reactions of Alkanes
	Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes
20.7 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
	Naming Aromatic Hydrocarbons
	Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
20.8 Functional Groups
20.9 Alcohols
	Naming Alcohols
	About Alcohols
	Alcohol Reactions
20.10 Aldehydes and Ketones
	Naming Aldehydes and Ketones
	About Aldehydes and Ketones
	Aldehyde and Ketone Reactions
20.11 Carboxylic Acids and Esters
	Naming Carboxylic Acids and Esters
	About Carboxylic Acids and Esters
	Carboxylic Acid and Ester Reactions
20.12 Ethers
	Naming Ethers 
	About Ethers
20.13 Amines
	Amine Reactions
20.14 Polymers
	Chemistry in Your Day: Kevlar
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 21
Biochemistry 
21.1 Diabetes and the Synthesis of Human Insulin
21.2 Lipids
	Fatty Acids
	Fats and Oils
	Chemistry and Medicine: Dietary Fat: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
	Other Lipids
21.3 Carbohydrates
	Simple Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
	Complex Carbohydrates
21.4 Proteins and Amino Acids
	Amino Acids: The Building Blocks of Proteins
	Peptide Bonding between Amino Acids
	Chemistry and Medicine: The Essential Amino Acids 
21.5 Protein Structure
	Primary Structure
	Secondary Structure
	Tertiary Structure
	Quaternary Structure
21.6 Nucleic Acids: Blueprints for Proteins
	The Basic Structure of Nucleic Acids
	The Genetic Code 
21.7 DNA Replication, the Double Helix, and Protein Synthesis
	DNA Replication and the Double Helix
	Protein Synthesis
	Chemistry and Medicine: The Human Genome Project
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 22
Chemistry of the Nonmetals
22.1 Insulated Nanowires
22.2 The Main-Group Elements: Bonding and Properties
	Atomic Size and Types of Bonds
22.3 The Most Common Matter: Silicates
	Quartz and Glass
	Aluminosilicates
	Individual Silicate Units, Silicate Chains, and Silicate Sheets
22.4 Boron: An Intersting Group 3A Element and Its Amazing Structures
	Elemental Boron
	Boron Compounds: Trihalides
	Boron¿Oxygen Compounds
	Boron¿Hydrogen Compounds: Boranes
22.5 Carbon, Carbides, and Carbonates
	Carbon
	Carbides
	Carbon Oxides
	Carbonates
22.6 Nitrogen and Phosphorus: Essential Elements for Life
	Elemental Nitrogen and Phosphorus
	Nitrogen Compounds
	Nitrogen Hydrides
	Nitrogen Oxides
	Nitric Acid, Nitrates, and Nitrides
	Phosphorus Compounds
	Phosphine
	Phosphorus Halides
	Phosphorus Oxides
	Phosphoric Acid and Phosphates
22.7 Oxygen
	Elemental Oxygen
	Uses for Oxygen
	Oxides
	Ozone
22.8 Sulfur: A Dangerous but Useful Element
	Elemental Sulfur
	Hydrogen Sulfide and Metal Sulfides
	Sulfur Dioxide
	Sulfuric Acid
22.9 Halogens: Reactive Chemicals with High Electronegativity
	Elemental Fluorine and Hydrofluoric Acid
	Elemental Chlorine and Hydrochloric Acid
	Halogen Compounds
	Interhalogen Compounds
	Halogen Oxides 
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 23
Metals and Metallurgy
23.1 Vanadium: A Problem and an Opportunity
23.2 The General Properties and Natural Distribution of Metals
23.3 Metallurgical Processes
	Separation
	Pyrometallurgy
	Hydrometallurgy
	Electrometallurgy
	Powder Metallurgy
23.4 Metal Structures and Alloys
	Alloys
	Substitutional Alloys: Miscible Solid Solutions
	Alloys with Limited Solubility
	Interstitial Alloys
23.5 Sources, Properties, and Products of Some of the 3d Transition Metals
	Titanium
	Chromium
	Manganese
	Cobalt
	Copper
	Nickel
	Zinc
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Chapter 24
Transition Metals and Coordination Compounds 
24.1 The Colors of Rubies and Emeralds
24.2 Properties of Transition Metals
	Electron Configurations
	Atomic Size 
	Ionization Energy 
	Electronegativity 
	Oxidation States
24.3 Coordination Compounds
	Naming Coordination Compounds 
24.4 Structure and Isomerization
	Structural Isomerism
	Stereoisomerism
24.5 Bonding in Coordination Compounds
	Valance Bond Theory 
	Crystal Field Theory
	Octahedral Complexes
	The Color of Complex Ions and Crystal Field Strength
	Magnetic Properties
	Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes
24.6 Applications of Coordination Compounds
	Chelating Agents
	Chemical Analysis
	Coloring Agents
	Biomolecules 
Chapter in Review
	Key Terms
Key Concepts 
	Key Equations and Relationships
	Key Skills
Exercises
	Review Questions
	Problems by Topic
	Cumulative Problems
	Challenge Problems
	Conceptual Problems
Appendix I
Common Mathematical Operations in Chemistry
	A. Scientific Notation
	B. Logarithms
	C. Quadratic Equations
	D. Graphs
Appendix II
Useful Data
	A. Atomic Colors
	B. Standard Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 298.15 K (25 °C)
	C. Aqueous Equilibrium Constants at 298.15 K (25 °C)
	D. Standard Reduction Half-cell Potentials at 298.15 K (25 °C)
Appendix III
Answers to Selected Exercises
Appendix IV
Solutions to In-Chapter Practice Problems
Appendix V
Glossary
Photo Credits
Index

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