Psychology 4th Edition Schacter Test Bank

1. 1 The science of psychology
2. The nature of psychology
3. Think critically
4. False news
5. Social constructivism
6. Psychology as a basic and applied science
7. The goals of psychology
8. Psychology’s broad scope: a levels-of-analysis framework
9. Perspectives on behaviour
10. Psychology’s roots
11. Early schools: structuralism and functionalism
12. The psychodynamic perspective: the forces within
13. The behavioural perspective: the power of the environment
14. The Monster Study
15. The humanistic perspective: self-actualization and positive psychology
16. The cognitive perspective: the thinking human
17. The sociocultural perspective: the embedded human
18. Behaviour genetics
19. Research close-up Do owners look like their dogs?
20. The biological perspective: the brain, genes and evolution
21. Using levels of analysis to integrate the perspectives
22. An example: understanding depression
23. Summary of major themes
24. Psychology today
25. A global science and profession
26. Psychology and public policy
27. Current issues in psychology
28. Psychology and your life
29. Applying psychological science How to enhance your academic performance
30. Psychology at work
31. Psychology at work Emma Young, Science and Health Journalist
32. 2 Studying behaviour scientifically
33. Scientific principles in psychology
34. Scientific attitudes
35. Gathering evidence: steps in the scientific process
36. Two approaches to understanding behaviour
37. Defining and measuring variables
38. Ethical principles in research
39. Ethical standards in human research
40. Ethical standards in animal research
41. Current issues Where we can’t trust the data, we can’t trust the subject
42. Methods of research
43. Descriptive research: recording events
44. Correlational research: measuring associations between events
45. Research close-up Seasonal affective disorder
46. Experiments: examining cause and effect
47. Qualitative research
48. Mixed-methods design
49. Threats to the validity of research
50. Confounding of variables
51. Demand characteristics
52. Placebo effects
53. Experimenter expectancy effects
54. Replicating and generalizing the findings
55. Current issues The ‘replication crisis’
56. Science, psychics and the paranormal
57. Analysing and interpreting data
58. Current issues Consuming statistics
59. Using statistics to describe data
60. Using statistics to make inferences
61. Meta-analysis: combining the results of many studies
62. Critical thinking in science and everyday life
63. Applying psychological science Evaluating claims in research and everyday life
64. 3 Evolution, genes, environment and behaviour
65. Evolution by natural selection
66. Natural selection
67. Mendelian genetics
68. Eugenics
69. Genes and chromosomes
70. Inherited behavioural adaptations
71. Ethology
72. Behavioural genetics
73. Adoption and twin studies
74. Genes, environment and intelligence
75. Genes, environment and personality
76. Gene–environment interactions
77. Gene–environment correlation
78. Genetic manipulation and control
79. Current issues To know or not to know: genetic screening
80. Genetic screening
81. Evolution and human nature
82. For the good of the gene
83. Applying psychological science Happiness promotes our social relationships
84. Evolutionary approaches to human mate choice
85. Research close-up Sex differences in the ideal mate: evolution or social roles?
86. Evolutionary approaches to personality
87. 4 The brain and behaviour
88. The nervous system
89. The peripheral nervous system
90. The central nervous system
91. Neurons
92. The electrical activity of neurons
93. How neurons communicate: synaptic transmission
94. Neurotransmitters
95. Specialized transmitter systems
96. Applying psychological science Understanding how drugs affect your brain
97. Unlocking the secrets of the brain
98. Neuropsychology
99. Electrical recording
100. Brain imaging
101. Brain stimulation
102. Current issues Brain or machine?
103. The hierarchical brain: structures and behavioural functions
104. The hindbrain
105. The midbrain
106. The forebrain
107. Research close-up Inside the brain of a psychopath
108. Hemispheric lateralization: the left and right brains
109. The split brain: dividing the hemispheres
110. Plasticity in the brain: the role of experience and the recovery of function
111. How experience changes the brain
112. Healing the nervous system
113. The nervous system interacts with the endocrine and immune systems
114. Interactions with the endocrine system
115. Interactions involving the immune system
116. 5 Sensation and perception
117. Sensory processes
118. Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold
119. Signal detection theory
120. The difference threshold
121. Sensory adaptation
122. The sensory systems
123. Vision
124. Audition
125. Taste and smell: the chemical senses
126. Touch: sensing the skin and the body
127. Applying psychological science Sensory prosthetics
128. Multisensory processing
129. Research close-up Illusory visual completion of an object can make your finger feel shorter
130. Perception: the creation of experience
131. Bottom-up and top-down perceptual processing
132. Perceptions have organization and structure
133. Perception involves hypothesis testing
134. Perception of constant objects, depth, distance and movement
135. Object constancy
136. Depth and distance perception
137. Perception of movement
138. Illusions: false perceptual hypotheses
139. Research close-up Stalking a deadly illusion
140. Face perception
141. The role of facial features and their configurations
142. Emotion
143. Attractiveness
144. Recognizing faces
145. Experience, critical periods and perceptual development
146. Cross-cultural research in perception
147. Current issues Cross-cultural differences in multisensory perceptions
148. Critical periods: the role of early experience
149. Restored sensory capacity
150. 6 Consciousness
151. The puzzle of consciousness
152. Characteristics of consciousness
153. Measuring states of consciousness
154. Levels of consciousness
155. Unconscious perception and influence
156. Why do we have consciousness?
157. The neural basis of consciousness
158. Attention
159. Focused attention
160. Divided attention
161. Inattention and change blindness
162. Circadian rhythms: our daily biological clocks
163. Keeping time: brain and environment
164. Environmental disruptions of circadian rhythms
165. Applying psychological science Outsmarting jet lag, night-work disruptions and winter depression
166. Sleep and dreaming
167. Stages of sleep
168. Getting a night’s sleep: from brain to culture
169. How much do we sleep?
170. Why do we sleep?
171. Sleep disorders
172. The nature of dreams
173. Current issues Lucid dreaming
174. Daydreams and waking fantasies
175. Drug-induced states
176. Drugs and the brain
177. Drug tolerance and dependence
178. Depressants
179. Research close-up Alcohol + driving: an accident waiting to happen
180. Stimulants
181. Opiates
182. Hallucinogens
183. Marijuana
184. From genes to culture: determinants of drug effects
185. Hypnosis
186. The scientific study of hypnosis
187. Hypnotic behaviours and experiences
188. Theories of hypnosis
189. The hypnotized brain
190. 7 Learning: the role of experience
191. Adapting to the environment
192. Habituation and sensitization
193. Classical conditioning: associating one stimulus with another
194. Pavlov’s pioneering research
195. Basic principles
196. Applications of classical conditioning
197. Operant conditioning: learning through consequences
198. Thorndike’s law of effect
199. Skinner’s analysis of operant conditioning
200. Antecedent conditions and consequences
201. Shaping and chaining: taking one step at a time
202. Generalization and discrimination
203. Schedules of reinforcement
204. Escape and avoidance conditioning
205. Applications of operant conditioning
206. Applying psychological science Using operant principles to modify your behaviour
207. Challenges to behaviourism
208. Biological constraints: evolution and preparedness
209. Cognition and conditioning
210. Cognitive and behavioural learning in psychological therapies
211. Observational learning: when others show the way
212. Psychology at work Rachel Browning, Speech and Language Therapist
213. Bandura’s social-cognitive theory
214. Current issues Imitation: babies’ brains respond to watching others’ actions
215. Applications of observational learning
216. Current issues Applications of observational learning in neurorehabilitation
217. The adaptive brain
218. Learning through connections
219. Where does learning happen in the brain?
220. 8 Memory
221. Memory as information processing
222. A three-stage model
223. Encoding: entering information
224. Effortful and automatic processing
225. Levels of processing: when deeper is better
226. Exposure and rehearsal
227. Organization and imagery
228. How prior knowledge shapes encoding
229. Encoding and exceptional memory
230. Storage: retaining information
231. Memory as a network
232. Types of long-term memory
233. Retrieval: accessing information
234. The value of multiple cues
235. The value of distinctiveness
236. Arousal, emotion and memory
237. Flashbulb memories: fogging up the picture?
238. Confidence and memory accuracy
239. The effects of context, state and mood on memory
240. Forgetting
241. The course of forgetting
242. Why do we forget?
243. Forgetting to do things: prospective memory
244. Amnesia
245. Memory as a constructive process
246. Research close-up Metamemory: can children predict how good their memory will be?
247. Memory distortion and schemas
248. Misinformation effects and eyewitness testimony
249. The child as eyewitness
250. Current issues The recovered or false memory controversy
251. False confessions
252. Culture and memory construction
253. Memory and the brain
254. Where are memories formed and stored?
255. How are memories formed?
256. Applying psychological science Improving memory and academic learning
257. 9 Language and thinking
258. Language
259. Adaptive functions of language
260. Properties of language
261. The structure of language
262. Understanding and producing language
263. Research close-up The role of context in reading: evidence from reading times
264. Acquiring a first language
265. Bilingualism and multilingualism
266. Linguistic influences on thinking
267. Thinking
268. Thought, brain and mind
269. Concepts and propositions
270. Reasoning
271. Current issues What does it mean to be rational?
272. Problem-solving and decision-making
273. Applying psychological science Guidelines for creative problem-solving
274. Knowledge, expertise and wisdom
275. Mental imagery
276. Metacognition: knowing your own cognitive abilities
277. Research close-up ‘Why did I get that wrong?’ Improving college students’ awareness of whether they understand text material
278. 10 Intelligence
279. Intelligence in historical perspective
280. Sir Francis Galton: quantifying mental ability
281. Alfred Binet’s mental tests
282. Binet’s legacy: an intelligence-testing industry emerges
283. The nature of intelligence
284. The psychometric approach: the structure of intellect
285. Cognitive process approaches: the nature of intelligent thinking
286. Broader conceptions of intelligence: beyond mental competencies
287. The measurement of intelligence
288. Increasing the informational yield from intelligence tests
289. Theory-based intelligence tests
290. Should we test for aptitude or achievement?
291. Psychometric standards for intelligence tests
292. Assessing intelligence in non-Western cultures
293. Heredity, environment and intelligence
294. Current issues Genetics, the environment and intelligence
295. Applying psychological science Early-childhood interventions: a means of boosting intelligence?
296. Group differences in intelligence
297. Sex differences in cognitive abilities
298. Beliefs, expectations and cognitive performance
299. Research close-up Dietary patterns in childhood and IQ
300. Extremes of intelligence
301. The intellectually gifted
302. A concluding thought
303. 11 Motivation and emotion
304. Motivation
305. Theories of motivation
306. Hunger and weight regulation
307. Current issues What causes anorexia?
308. Sexual motivation
309. Social motivation
310. Achievement motivation
311. Psychology at work Jeremy Snape, Sport Psychologist
312. Motivational conflict
313. Emotion
314. Thinking about emotion
315. The nature of emotions
316. Theories of emotion
317. Research close-up Cognition–arousal relations: two classic experiments
318. Cognitive theories of emotion
319. Happiness
320. Applying psychological science Being happy: guidelines from psychological research
321. A concluding thought
322. 12 Lifespan development I: physical and cognitive development
323. The scope of developmental psychology
324. Linking social and cognitive development
325. Major issues and methods in developmental psychology
326. Prenatal development
327. Genetics and epigenetics
328. Threats to prenatal development
329. Infancy and childhood
330. The world of the newborn
331. Research close-up The development of face discrimination in the first year of life
332. The developing brain and body
333. Current issues What is the role of the brain in development?
334. Cognitive development
335. Applying psychological science Applying principles from cognitive development to produce better educational techniques
336. Psychology at work Dr Emily Prince, Educational Psychologist
337. Adolescence, adulthood and old age
338. Biological changes
339. Cognitive changes
340. 13 Lifespan development II: social and emotional development
341. Infancy and early childhood
342. Newborn emotions and emotional development
343. Personality development
344. Social development and attachment
345. Applying psychological science Understanding the effects of childcare on social-emotional development
346. Moral development
347. Current issues Are we born prosocial?
348. Adolescence, adulthood and old age
349. Social-emotional development in adolescence
350. Social-emotional development in adulthood
351. Research close-up What does it take to become an adult?
352. Social-emotional development in old age
353. 14 Personality
354. What is personality?
355. The psychodynamic perspective
356. Freud’s psychodynamic theory
357. Neoanalytic and object relations approaches
358. Evaluating the psychodynamic approach
359. Research close-up Attachment style and abusive romantic relationships
360. The phenomenological-humanistic perspective
361. George Kelly’s personal construct theory
362. Carl Rogers’s theory of the self
363. Research on the self
364. Evaluating the phenomenological-humanistic approach
365. Mapping the structure of personality
366. Types and traits of personality
367. Lexical and factor analytic approaches
368. Stability of personality traits
369. Current issues How many personality factors are there?
370. Evaluating the trait approach
371. Biological foundations of personality
372. Genetics and personality
373. Personality and the nervous system
374. Evaluating the biological approach
375. Behavioural and social-cognitive theories
376. Rotter: expectancy, reinforcement value and locus of control
377. Albert Bandura: social learning and self-efficacy
378. Applying psychological science Increasing self-efficacy through systematic goal setting
379. Mischel and Shoda’s cognitive-affective personality system
380. Reconciling personality coherence with behavioural inconsistency
381. Evaluating social-cognitive theories
382. Culture, gender and personality
383. Culture differences
384. Gender differences
385. Personality assessment
386. Interviews
387. Behavioural assessment
388. Experience sampling
389. Personality scales
390. Psychology at work Caoimhe McAnena, Forensic Psychologist
391. Projective tests
392. 15 Social thinking and behaviour
393. Social thinking
394. Attribution: perceiving the causes of behaviour
395. Forming and maintaining impressions
396. Psychology at work Jenny Packwood, Head of Brand Engagement, KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken)
397. Self-concept
398. Attitudes and attitude change
399. Psychology at work Mareille de Bloois, Authority for Consumers and Markets (ACM), the Netherlands
400. Concluding remarks
401. Social influence and behaviour in groups
402. The mere presence of others
403. Compliance
404. Research close-up The dilemma of obedience: when conscience confronts malevolent authority
405. Social influence in groups
406. Behaviour in groups
407. Social relations: intergroup dynamics
408. Understanding intergroup relations
409. Prejudice and discrimination
410. Social relations: interpersonal dynamics
411. Attraction: liking and loving others
412. Applying psychological science Making close relationships work: lessons from psychological research
413. Pro-social behaviour: helping others
414. Current issues Does pure altruism exist?
415. Aggression: harming others
416. 16 Health psychology: adjusting to life
417. Stress and well-being
418. Stressors
419. The stress response: a mind–body link
420. Effects of stress on well-being
421. Psychology at work Defne Yener, Organizational Development Consultant
422. Factors that influence stress–health relations
423. Coping with stress
424. Effectiveness of coping strategies
425. Stress-management training
426. Pain and pain management
427. Biological mechanisms of pain
428. Psychological influences on pain
429. Applying psychological science Psychological techniques for controlling pain and suffering
430. Health promotion and illness prevention
431. Research close-up The psychological roots of anti-vaccination attitudes: a 24-nation investigation
432. How people change: health behaviour theories
433. Health-enhancing behaviours
434. Health-threatening behaviours
435. Maintaining positive behaviour change
436. Current issues Public health messages and stigma
437. A concluding thought
438. 17 Psychological disorders
439. Historical perspectives on deviant behaviour
440. Defining and classifying psychological disorders
441. What is ‘abnormal’?
442. Diagnosing psychological disorders
443. Consequences of diagnostic labelling
444. Anxiety disorders
445. Phobic disorder
446. Generalized anxiety disorder
447. Panic disorder
448. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
449. Post-traumatic stress disorder
450. Causal factors in anxiety disorders
451. Somatoform and dissociative disorders: anxiety inferred
452. Somatoform disorders – somatic symptom disorders
453. Dissociative disorders
454. Mood disorders
455. Depression
456. Bipolar disorder
457. Prevalence and course of mood disorders
458. Causal factors in mood disorders
459. Applying psychological science Understanding and preventing suicide
460. Schizophrenia
461. Characteristics of schizophrenia
462. Causal factors in schizophrenia
463. Personality disorders
464. Antisocial personality disorder
465. Research close-up Fear, avoidance learning and psychopathy
466. Borderline personality disorder
467. Childhood disorders
468. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
469. Current issues The drugs don’t work – or do they?
470. Autism spectrum disorder (asd)
471. A concluding thought
472. 18 Treatment of psychological disorders
473. Psychological treatments
474. Professional bodies and organizations
475. Psychodynamic therapies
476. Psychoanalysis
477. Brief psychodynamic and interpersonal therapies
478. Object relations theory
479. Humanistic psychotherapies
480. Client-centred therapy
481. Gestalt therapy
482. Cognitive therapies
483. Ellis’s rational-emotive therapy
484. Psychology at work Windy Dryden, leading Rational-Emotive Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (recbt) therapist
485. Beck’s cognitive therapy
486. Behaviour therapies
487. Exposure: an extinction approach
488. Systematic desensitization: a counter-conditioning approach
489. Research close-up Exposure and response prevention (erp) in obsessive compulsive disorder
490. Aversion therapy
491. Operant conditioning treatments
492. Modelling and social skills training
493. Group, family and marital therapies
494. Family therapy
495. Marital therapy
496. Cultural and gender issues in psychotherapy
497. Cultural factors in treatment utilization
498. Applying psychological science Comparative psychology of depression
499. Gender issues in therapy
500. Evaluating psychotherapies
501. Eysenck’s great challenge
502. Current issues Regression to the mean
503. Psychotherapy research methods
504. Factors affecting the outcome of therapy
505. Biological approaches to treatment
506. Drug therapies
507. Do antidepressant drugs work?
508. Electroconvulsive therapy
509. Psychosurgery
510. Mind, body and therapeutic interventions
511. Psychological disorders and society
512. Deinstitutionalization
513. Mental health treatment in a managed health-care environment
514. Preventative mental health
515. References
516. Name Index
517. Subject Index

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