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Psychology 4th Edition Schacter Test Bank

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Psychology 4th Edition Schacter Test Bank.

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Categories: Psychology, Test Bank Tags: 4th Edition, Gilbert, Nock, Psychology, Schacter, Test Bank, Wegner

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Psychology 4th Edition Schacter Test Bank

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ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1464155461
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1464155468
Author: Daniel Schacter

This widely used, enthusiastically received textbook is the work of one of the most accomplished author teams in introductory psychology, each a distinguished educator and researcher, and three of them (Schacter, Gilbert, and Wegner) authors of bestselling books for general readers. Together, they offer an approachable, engagingly written survey of the field’s main ideas, filled with unusual stories, memorable examples, and lots of humor to captivate all kinds of students.

Again carried by the authors’ exceptional communication and teaching skills, the new edition has been retooled for the classroom chapter by chapter. Sections in each chapter now have specific Learning Outcomes in place, to emphasize “big picture” concepts and guide student learning. There is also new boxed feature called A World of Difference highlighting important research on diversity and individual differences, plus new Data Visualization Activities in LaunchPad, to help students build quantitative reasoning skills.

Table contents:

1 The science of psychology
The nature of psychology
Think critically
False news
Social constructivism
Psychology as a basic and applied science
The goals of psychology
Psychology’s broad scope: a levels-of-analysis framework
Perspectives on behaviour
Psychology’s roots
Early schools: structuralism and functionalism
The psychodynamic perspective: the forces within
The behavioural perspective: the power of the environment
The Monster Study
The humanistic perspective: self-actualization and positive psychology
The cognitive perspective: the thinking human
The sociocultural perspective: the embedded human
Behaviour genetics
Research close-up Do owners look like their dogs?
The biological perspective: the brain, genes and evolution
Using levels of analysis to integrate the perspectives
An example: understanding depression
Summary of major themes
Psychology today
A global science and profession
Psychology and public policy
Current issues in psychology
Psychology and your life
Applying psychological science How to enhance your academic performance
Psychology at work
Psychology at work Emma Young, Science and Health Journalist
2 Studying behaviour scientifically
Scientific principles in psychology
Scientific attitudes
Gathering evidence: steps in the scientific process
Two approaches to understanding behaviour
Defining and measuring variables
Ethical principles in research
Ethical standards in human research
Ethical standards in animal research
Current issues Where we can’t trust the data, we can’t trust the subject
Methods of research
Descriptive research: recording events
Correlational research: measuring associations between events
Research close-up Seasonal affective disorder
Experiments: examining cause and effect
Qualitative research
Mixed-methods design
Threats to the validity of research
Confounding of variables
Demand characteristics
Placebo effects
Experimenter expectancy effects
Replicating and generalizing the findings
Current issues The ‘replication crisis’
Science, psychics and the paranormal
Analysing and interpreting data
Current issues Consuming statistics
Using statistics to describe data
Using statistics to make inferences
Meta-analysis: combining the results of many studies
Critical thinking in science and everyday life
Applying psychological science Evaluating claims in research and everyday life
3 Evolution, genes, environment and behaviour
Evolution by natural selection
Natural selection
Mendelian genetics
Eugenics
Genes and chromosomes
Inherited behavioural adaptations
Ethology
Behavioural genetics
Adoption and twin studies
Genes, environment and intelligence
Genes, environment and personality
Gene–environment interactions
Gene–environment correlation
Genetic manipulation and control
Current issues To know or not to know: genetic screening
Genetic screening
Evolution and human nature
For the good of the gene
Applying psychological science Happiness promotes our social relationships
Evolutionary approaches to human mate choice
Research close-up Sex differences in the ideal mate: evolution or social roles?
Evolutionary approaches to personality
4 The brain and behaviour
The nervous system
The peripheral nervous system
The central nervous system
Neurons
The electrical activity of neurons
How neurons communicate: synaptic transmission
Neurotransmitters
Specialized transmitter systems
Applying psychological science Understanding how drugs affect your brain
Unlocking the secrets of the brain
Neuropsychology
Electrical recording
Brain imaging
Brain stimulation
Current issues Brain or machine?
The hierarchical brain: structures and behavioural functions
The hindbrain
The midbrain
The forebrain
Research close-up Inside the brain of a psychopath
Hemispheric lateralization: the left and right brains
The split brain: dividing the hemispheres
Plasticity in the brain: the role of experience and the recovery of function
How experience changes the brain
Healing the nervous system
The nervous system interacts with the endocrine and immune systems
Interactions with the endocrine system
Interactions involving the immune system
5 Sensation and perception
Sensory processes
Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold
Signal detection theory
The difference threshold
Sensory adaptation
The sensory systems
Vision
Audition
Taste and smell: the chemical senses
Touch: sensing the skin and the body
Applying psychological science Sensory prosthetics
Multisensory processing
Research close-up Illusory visual completion of an object can make your finger feel shorter
Perception: the creation of experience
Bottom-up and top-down perceptual processing
Perceptions have organization and structure
Perception involves hypothesis testing
Perception of constant objects, depth, distance and movement
Object constancy
Depth and distance perception
Perception of movement
Illusions: false perceptual hypotheses
Research close-up Stalking a deadly illusion
Face perception
The role of facial features and their configurations
Emotion
Attractiveness
Recognizing faces
Experience, critical periods and perceptual development
Cross-cultural research in perception
Current issues Cross-cultural differences in multisensory perceptions
Critical periods: the role of early experience
Restored sensory capacity
6 Consciousness
The puzzle of consciousness
Characteristics of consciousness
Measuring states of consciousness
Levels of consciousness
Unconscious perception and influence
Why do we have consciousness?
The neural basis of consciousness
Attention
Focused attention
Divided attention
Inattention and change blindness
Circadian rhythms: our daily biological clocks
Keeping time: brain and environment
Environmental disruptions of circadian rhythms
Applying psychological science Outsmarting jet lag, night-work disruptions and winter depression
Sleep and dreaming
Stages of sleep
Getting a night’s sleep: from brain to culture
How much do we sleep?
Why do we sleep?
Sleep disorders
The nature of dreams
Current issues Lucid dreaming
Daydreams and waking fantasies
Drug-induced states
Drugs and the brain
Drug tolerance and dependence
Depressants
Research close-up Alcohol + driving: an accident waiting to happen
Stimulants
Opiates
Hallucinogens
Marijuana
From genes to culture: determinants of drug effects
Hypnosis
The scientific study of hypnosis
Hypnotic behaviours and experiences
Theories of hypnosis
The hypnotized brain
7 Learning: the role of experience
Adapting to the environment
Habituation and sensitization
Classical conditioning: associating one stimulus with another
Pavlov’s pioneering research
Basic principles
Applications of classical conditioning
Operant conditioning: learning through consequences
Thorndike’s law of effect
Skinner’s analysis of operant conditioning
Antecedent conditions and consequences
Shaping and chaining: taking one step at a time
Generalization and discrimination
Schedules of reinforcement
Escape and avoidance conditioning
Applications of operant conditioning
Applying psychological science Using operant principles to modify your behaviour
Challenges to behaviourism
Biological constraints: evolution and preparedness
Cognition and conditioning
Cognitive and behavioural learning in psychological therapies
Observational learning: when others show the way
Psychology at work Rachel Browning, Speech and Language Therapist
Bandura’s social-cognitive theory
Current issues Imitation: babies’ brains respond to watching others’ actions
Applications of observational learning
Current issues Applications of observational learning in neurorehabilitation
The adaptive brain
Learning through connections
Where does learning happen in the brain?
8 Memory
Memory as information processing
A three-stage model
Encoding: entering information
Effortful and automatic processing
Levels of processing: when deeper is better
Exposure and rehearsal
Organization and imagery
How prior knowledge shapes encoding
Encoding and exceptional memory
Storage: retaining information
Memory as a network
Types of long-term memory
Retrieval: accessing information
The value of multiple cues
The value of distinctiveness
Arousal, emotion and memory
Flashbulb memories: fogging up the picture?
Confidence and memory accuracy
The effects of context, state and mood on memory
Forgetting
The course of forgetting
Why do we forget?
Forgetting to do things: prospective memory
Amnesia
Memory as a constructive process
Research close-up Metamemory: can children predict how good their memory will be?
Memory distortion and schemas
Misinformation effects and eyewitness testimony
The child as eyewitness
Current issues The recovered or false memory controversy
False confessions
Culture and memory construction
Memory and the brain
Where are memories formed and stored?
How are memories formed?
Applying psychological science Improving memory and academic learning
9 Language and thinking
Language
Adaptive functions of language
Properties of language
The structure of language
Understanding and producing language
Research close-up The role of context in reading: evidence from reading times
Acquiring a first language
Bilingualism and multilingualism
Linguistic influences on thinking
Thinking
Thought, brain and mind
Concepts and propositions
Reasoning
Current issues What does it mean to be rational?
Problem-solving and decision-making
Applying psychological science Guidelines for creative problem-solving
Knowledge, expertise and wisdom
Mental imagery
Metacognition: knowing your own cognitive abilities
Research close-up ‘Why did I get that wrong?’ Improving college students’ awareness of whether they understand text material
10 Intelligence
Intelligence in historical perspective
Sir Francis Galton: quantifying mental ability
Alfred Binet’s mental tests
Binet’s legacy: an intelligence-testing industry emerges
The nature of intelligence
The psychometric approach: the structure of intellect
Cognitive process approaches: the nature of intelligent thinking
Broader conceptions of intelligence: beyond mental competencies
The measurement of intelligence
Increasing the informational yield from intelligence tests
Theory-based intelligence tests
Should we test for aptitude or achievement?
Psychometric standards for intelligence tests
Assessing intelligence in non-Western cultures
Heredity, environment and intelligence
Current issues Genetics, the environment and intelligence
Applying psychological science Early-childhood interventions: a means of boosting intelligence?
Group differences in intelligence
Sex differences in cognitive abilities
Beliefs, expectations and cognitive performance
Research close-up Dietary patterns in childhood and IQ
Extremes of intelligence
The intellectually gifted
A concluding thought
11 Motivation and emotion
Motivation
Theories of motivation
Hunger and weight regulation
Current issues What causes anorexia?
Sexual motivation
Social motivation
Achievement motivation
Psychology at work Jeremy Snape, Sport Psychologist
Motivational conflict
Emotion
Thinking about emotion
The nature of emotions
Theories of emotion
Research close-up Cognition–arousal relations: two classic experiments
Cognitive theories of emotion
Happiness
Applying psychological science Being happy: guidelines from psychological research
A concluding thought
12 Lifespan development I: physical and cognitive development
The scope of developmental psychology
Linking social and cognitive development
Major issues and methods in developmental psychology
Prenatal development
Genetics and epigenetics
Threats to prenatal development
Infancy and childhood
The world of the newborn
Research close-up The development of face discrimination in the first year of life
The developing brain and body
Current issues What is the role of the brain in development?
Cognitive development
Applying psychological science Applying principles from cognitive development to produce better educational techniques
Psychology at work Dr Emily Prince, Educational Psychologist
Adolescence, adulthood and old age
Biological changes
Cognitive changes
13 Lifespan development II: social and emotional development
Infancy and early childhood
Newborn emotions and emotional development
Personality development
Social development and attachment
Applying psychological science Understanding the effects of childcare on social-emotional development
Moral development
Current issues Are we born prosocial?
Adolescence, adulthood and old age
Social-emotional development in adolescence
Social-emotional development in adulthood
Research close-up What does it take to become an adult?
Social-emotional development in old age
14 Personality
What is personality?
The psychodynamic perspective
Freud’s psychodynamic theory
Neoanalytic and object relations approaches
Evaluating the psychodynamic approach
Research close-up Attachment style and abusive romantic relationships
The phenomenological-humanistic perspective
George Kelly’s personal construct theory
Carl Rogers’s theory of the self
Research on the self
Evaluating the phenomenological-humanistic approach
Mapping the structure of personality
Types and traits of personality
Lexical and factor analytic approaches
Stability of personality traits
Current issues How many personality factors are there?
Evaluating the trait approach
Biological foundations of personality
Genetics and personality
Personality and the nervous system
Evaluating the biological approach
Behavioural and social-cognitive theories
Rotter: expectancy, reinforcement value and locus of control
Albert Bandura: social learning and self-efficacy
Applying psychological science Increasing self-efficacy through systematic goal setting
Mischel and Shoda’s cognitive-affective personality system
Reconciling personality coherence with behavioural inconsistency
Evaluating social-cognitive theories
Culture, gender and personality
Culture differences
Gender differences
Personality assessment
Interviews
Behavioural assessment
Experience sampling
Personality scales
Psychology at work Caoimhe McAnena, Forensic Psychologist
Projective tests
15 Social thinking and behaviour
Social thinking
Attribution: perceiving the causes of behaviour
Forming and maintaining impressions
Psychology at work Jenny Packwood, Head of Brand Engagement, KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken)
Self-concept
Attitudes and attitude change
Psychology at work Mareille de Bloois, Authority for Consumers and Markets (ACM), the Netherlands
Concluding remarks
Social influence and behaviour in groups
The mere presence of others
Compliance
Research close-up The dilemma of obedience: when conscience confronts malevolent authority
Social influence in groups
Behaviour in groups
Social relations: intergroup dynamics
Understanding intergroup relations
Prejudice and discrimination
Social relations: interpersonal dynamics
Attraction: liking and loving others
Applying psychological science Making close relationships work: lessons from psychological research
Pro-social behaviour: helping others
Current issues Does pure altruism exist?
Aggression: harming others
16 Health psychology: adjusting to life
Stress and well-being
Stressors
The stress response: a mind–body link
Effects of stress on well-being
Psychology at work Defne Yener, Organizational Development Consultant
Factors that influence stress–health relations
Coping with stress
Effectiveness of coping strategies
Stress-management training
Pain and pain management
Biological mechanisms of pain
Psychological influences on pain
Applying psychological science Psychological techniques for controlling pain and suffering
Health promotion and illness prevention
Research close-up The psychological roots of anti-vaccination attitudes: a 24-nation investigation
How people change: health behaviour theories
Health-enhancing behaviours
Health-threatening behaviours
Maintaining positive behaviour change
Current issues Public health messages and stigma
A concluding thought
17 Psychological disorders
Historical perspectives on deviant behaviour
Defining and classifying psychological disorders
What is ‘abnormal’?
Diagnosing psychological disorders
Consequences of diagnostic labelling
Anxiety disorders
Phobic disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Causal factors in anxiety disorders
Somatoform and dissociative disorders: anxiety inferred
Somatoform disorders – somatic symptom disorders
Dissociative disorders
Mood disorders
Depression
Bipolar disorder
Prevalence and course of mood disorders
Causal factors in mood disorders
Applying psychological science Understanding and preventing suicide
Schizophrenia
Characteristics of schizophrenia
Causal factors in schizophrenia
Personality disorders
Antisocial personality disorder
Research close-up Fear, avoidance learning and psychopathy
Borderline personality disorder
Childhood disorders
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Current issues The drugs don’t work – or do they?
Autism spectrum disorder (asd)
A concluding thought
18 Treatment of psychological disorders
Psychological treatments
Professional bodies and organizations
Psychodynamic therapies
Psychoanalysis
Brief psychodynamic and interpersonal therapies
Object relations theory
Humanistic psychotherapies
Client-centred therapy
Gestalt therapy
Cognitive therapies
Ellis’s rational-emotive therapy
Psychology at work Windy Dryden, leading Rational-Emotive Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (recbt) therapist
Beck’s cognitive therapy
Behaviour therapies
Exposure: an extinction approach
Systematic desensitization: a counter-conditioning approach
Research close-up Exposure and response prevention (erp) in obsessive compulsive disorder
Aversion therapy
Operant conditioning treatments
Modelling and social skills training
Group, family and marital therapies
Family therapy
Marital therapy
Cultural and gender issues in psychotherapy
Cultural factors in treatment utilization
Applying psychological science Comparative psychology of depression
Gender issues in therapy
Evaluating psychotherapies
Eysenck’s great challenge
Current issues Regression to the mean
Psychotherapy research methods
Factors affecting the outcome of therapy
Biological approaches to treatment
Drug therapies
Do antidepressant drugs work?
Electroconvulsive therapy
Psychosurgery
Mind, body and therapeutic interventions
Psychological disorders and society
Deinstitutionalization
Mental health treatment in a managed health-care environment
Preventative mental health
References
Name Index
Subject Index