Principles of Environmental Science Companion Site 6th Edition Cunningham Solutions Manual

This is completed downloadable of Principles of Environmental Science Companion Site 6th Edition Cunningham Solutions Manual

Product Details:

• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0073383244
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0073383248
• Author:  William Cunningham (Author), Mary Cunningham (Author)

Rather than the 25 to 30 chapters found in most environmental science textbooks, the authors have limited Principles of Environmental Science: Inquiry and Applications to 15 chapters–perfect for the one-semester, non-majors environmental science course. True to its title, the goal of this concise text is to provide an up-to-date, introductory view of essential themes in environmental science along with offering students numerous opportunities to practice scientific thinking and active learning.

Table of Content:

Chapter 1	Understanding Our Environment 1
Objectives 1
Learning Online 1
Dredging the Hudson River 2
Understanding Our Environment 3
A Marvelous Planet 3
What Is Environmental Science? 4
Science As a Way of Knowing 4
COOPERATION AND INSIGHT IN SCIENCE 5
Scientific Design 6
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning 6
Hypotheses and Theories 6
Modeling and Natural Experiments 7
Statistics and Probability 8
Investigating Our Environment What Are Statistics, and Why Are They Important? 8
Paradigms and Scientific Consensus 9
Pseudoscience and Baloney Detection 10
Thinking About Thinking 10
Approaches to Knowledge and Meaning 11
Applying Critical Thinking 12
Investigating Our Environment 
A Skeptical Environmentalist? 12
Some Clues for ?Unpacking? an Argument 13
Using Critical Thinking 13
A Brief History of Conservation 
and Environmentalism 14
Historic Roots of Nature Protection 14
Pragmatic Resource Conservation 14
Moral and Aesthetic Nature Preservation 15
Modern Environmentalism 15
Global Concerns 16
Current Environmental Conditions 16
Signs of Hope 18
Human Dimensions of Environmental Science 19
Rich and Poor Countries 19
A Fair Share of Resources? 20
Sustainability 21
Indigenous Peoples 21
Chapter 2	Principles of Ecology: Matter, Energy, and Life 25
OBJECTIVES 25
Learning Online 25
Measuring Energy Flows in Cedar Bog Lake 26
Principles of Matter and Energy 26
What Is Matter? 27
What Is Energy? 27
Thermodynamics and Energy Transfers 28
The Building Blocks of Earth and Life 28
Atoms, Molecules, and Compounds 28
Chemical Reactions 29
Acids and Bases 30
Organic Compounds 31
Cells: The Fundamental Units of Life 31
The Miracle of Water 32
Sunlight: Energy for Life 33
How Does Photosynthesis Capture Energy? 33
Investigating Our Environment Remote Sensing, Photosynthesis, and Material 
Cycles 35
Energy and Matter in the Environment 36
Food Chains, Food Webs, and Trophic Levels 36
Ecological Pyramids 38
Biogeochemical Cycles and Life Processes 38
The Hydrologic Cycle 38
The Carbon Cycle 39
The Nitrogen Cycle 40
The Phosphorus Cycle 43
The Sulfur Cycle 43
Investigating Our Environment Environmental Chemistry of Phosphorus 44
Chapter 3	Populations, Communities, and Species Interaction 48
Objectives 48
LEARNING ONLINE 48
Darwin and the Theory of Evolution 49
Who Lives Where, and Why? 50
Critical Factors and Tolerance Limits 50
Evolution: Natural Selection and Adaptation 51
Speciation 51
The Taxonomic Naming System 53
The Ecological Niche 53
What Are Weedy Species? 54
Species Interactions 55
Predation 55
Competition 56
Symbiosis 57
Defensive Mechanisms 57
Keystone Species 58
Population Dynamics 59
Population Growth 59
Boom and Bust Population Cycles 60
Growth to a Stable Population 60
Limiting Factors 61
K-adapted and r-adapted Species 61
Community Properties 62
Productivity 62
Abundance and Diversity 63
What Can You Do? Developing a Sense for Where You Live 64
Complexity, Resilience, and Stability 64
Community Structure 64
Case Study Biodiversity and Stability 66
Edges and Boundaries 67
Communities in Transition 68
Ecological Succession 68
CLIMAX COMMUNITIES OR INDIVIDUALISTIC SUCCESSION? 69
Introduced Species and Community Change 70
Chapter 4	Human Populations 74
Objectives 74
Learning Online 74
A Billion People and Growing 75
Population Growth 75
Human Population History 76
Population Doubling Times 76
Limits to Growth: Some Opposing Views 77
Malthusian Checks on Population 77
Malthus and Marx Today 78
Can Technology Make the World 
More Habitable? 78
Could More People Be Beneficial? 79
Human Demography 79
How Many of Us Are There? 79
Investigating Our Environment Interpreting Graphs 80
Fertility and Birth Rates 81
Mortality and Death Rates 82
Life Span and Life Expectancy 82
Living Longer: Demographic Implications 83
Population Growth: Opposing Factors 84
Pronatalist Pressures 84
Birth Reduction Pressures 85
Demographic Transition 86
Development and Population 86
An Optimistic View 87
A Pessimistic View 87
A Social Justice View 87
INFANT MORTALITY AND WOMEN?S RIGHTS 87
Family Planning and Fertility Control 88
Case Study Family Planning in Iran 89
Traditional Fertility Control 89
Current Birth Control Methods 89
New Developments in Birth Control 90
The Future of Human Populations 91
Chapter 5	Biomes and Biodiversity 95
Objectives 95
Learning Online 95
Coral Reefs Threatened 96
Terrestrial Biomes 96
Deserts 97
Grasslands: Prairies and Savannas 99
Tundra 99
Conifer Forests 100
Broad-Leaved Deciduous Forests 101
Mediterranean/Chaparral/Thorn Scrub 101
Tropical Moist Forests 102
Tropical Seasonal Forests 102
Marine Ecosystems 103
The Open Ocean 104
Coastal Regions: Reefs, Estuaries, Shoals, and Mangroves 104
Tidal Environments and Barrier Islands 105
Freshwater Ecosystems 106
Lakes 106
Wetlands 106
Streams and Rivers 107
Biodiversity 107
How Many Species Are There? 107
Biodiversity Hot Spots 108
HOW DO WE BENEFIT FROM BIODIVERSITY? 108
Food 108
Drugs and Medicines 109
Ecological Benefits 109
Aesthetic and Cultural Benefits 109
What Threatens Biodiversity? 110
 Natural Causes of Extinction 110
Human-Caused Reductions in Biodiversity 110
Habitat Destruction 111
Fragmentation 111
Invasive Species 112
Investigating Our Environment Using GIS to Protect Biodiversity 113
Pollution 114
Population 115
Overharvesting 115
Commercial Products and Live Specimens 116
Predator and Pest Control 117
Endangered Species Management And Biodiversity Protection 117
Hunting and Fishing Laws 117
What Can You Do? Don?t Buy Endangered Species Products 117
The Endangered Species Act 118
Recovery Plans 118
Reauthorizing the Endangered Species Act 120
Habitat Protection 120
International Wildlife Treaties 121
Chapter 6	Environmental Conservation: Forests, Grasslands, Parks, and Nature 
Preserves 124
Objectives 124
Learning Online 124
Protecting Forests to Preserve Rain 125
World Forests 126
FOREST DISTRIBUTION 126
Forest Products 127
Tropical Forests 128
Temperate Forests 130
What Can You Do? Lowering Your Forest Impacts 130
Investigating Our Environment Forest Thinning and Salvage Logging 133
Rangelands 134
Range Management 134
Rangelands in the United States 135
New Approaches to Ranching 135
Parks and Nature Preserves 136
North American Parks 136
Park Problems 137
Wildlife Issues 138
Parks as Ecosystems 138
Case Study Reintroducing Wolves to Yellowstone 139
World Parks And Preserves 140
Marine Preserves 141
Protecting Natural Heritage 141
Size and Design of Nature Preserves 141
Conservation and Economic Development 142
Indigenous Communities and Biosphere Reserves 143
What Can You Do? Being a Responsible Ecotourist 144
Wilderness Areas 144
Wildlife Refuges 145
International Wildlife Preserves 145
Chapter 7	Food and Agriculture 149
Objectives 149
Learning Online 149
Golden Rice 150
FOOD AND NUTRITION 151
Chronic Hunger and Food Security 151
Famines and Acute Food Shortages 152
Malnutrition and Obesity 153
Eating a Balanced Diet 154
Major Food Sources 155
Major Crops 155
Meat and Dairy 155
Seafood 157
Soil: A Renewable Resource 157
Soil Organisms 158
Soil Profiles 159
Soil Types 159
Ways We Use and Abuse Soil 159
Land Resources 159
Land Degradation 160
Erosion: The Nature of the Problem 161
Mechanisms of Erosion 161
Erosion Hot Spots 163
Other Agricultural Resources 163
Water 163
Fertilizer 163
Energy 164
Pest Control 164
New Crops and Genetic Engineering 165
The Green Revolution 165
What Can You Do? Reducing the Pesticides in Your Food 165
Genetic Engineering 166
Pest Resistance and Weed Control 166
Is Genetic Engineering Safe? 167
Sustainable Agriculture 168
SOIL CONSERVATION 168
Managing Topography 168
Providing Groundcover 169
Reduced Tillage 169
Case Study Shade-Grown Coffee and Cocoa 170
Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture 171
Chapter 8	Environmental Health and Toxicology 175
Objectives 175
Learning Online 175
The Cough Heard Round the World 176
Environmental Health 176
Global Disease Burden 176
Emergent and Infectious Diseases 178
Funding Health Care 180
Ecological Diseases 180
Antibiotic and Pesticide Resistance 181
Diet 182
Toxicology 182
What Can You Do? Tips for Staying Healthy 183
Endocrine Hormone Disrupters 185
Movement, Distribution, and Fate of Toxins 186
Solubility and Mobility 186
Exposure and Susceptibility 186
Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification 187
Persistence 187
What Do You Think? Children?s Health 188
Chemical Interactions 189
Mechanisms for Minimizing Toxic Effects 189
METABOLIC DEGRADATION AND EXCRETION 189
Repair Mechanisms 190
Measuring Toxicity 190
Animal Testing 190
Toxicity Ratings 191
Acute versus Chronic Doses and Effects 191
Detection Limits 192
Risk Assessment and Acceptance 192
Understanding Risks 193
Accepting Risks 193
Establishing Public Policy 194
Chapter 9	Air: Climate and Pollution 198
Objectives 198
Learning Online 198
What?s Happening to Our Weather? 199
The Atmosphere and Climate 199
Energy and the Greenhouse Effect 200
Convection and Atmospheric Pressure 201
Why Does It Rain? 202
The Coriolis Effect and Jet Streams 203
Ocean Currents 204
Seasonal Winds and Monsoons 204
Climate Change 205
El Nino/Southern Oscillation 206
Human-Caused Global Climate Change 207
Climate Skeptics 207
Sources of Greenhouse Gases 207
What Do You Think? Science and Uncertainty in Climate Change 208
Current Evidence of Climate Change 209
Winners and Losers 210
INVESTIGATING OUR ENVIRONMENT SATELLITE IMAGES 211
International Climate Negotiations 212
Controlling Greenhouse Emissions 212
Climate and Air Pollution 213
Major Kinds of Pollutants 214
Sources and Problems of Major Pollutants 215
Indoor Air Pollution 216
Interactions Between Climate Processes 
and Air Pollution 217
Long-Range Transport 217
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion 217
Signs of Progress 219
Urban Climates 219
Effects of Air Pollution 220
Human Health 220
Plant Pathology 220
Visibility Reduction 221
Acid Deposition 221
Air Pollution Control 222
Reducing Production 222
Clean Air Legislation 223
Clear Skies 224
Current Conditions and Future Prospects 225
Air Pollution in Developing Countries 225
Signs of Hope 225
Chapter 10	Water: Resources and Pollution 229
Objectives 229
Learning Online 229
Sharing the Chattahoochee 230
WATER RESOURCES 230
Where Does Our Water Come From? 231
Major Water Compartments 232
Groundwater 232
Rivers, Lakes, and Wetlands 233
The Atmosphere 234
Water Availability and Use 234
Water-Rich and Water-Poor Countries 234
Water Use 235
Quantities of Water Used 235
Freshwater Shortages 236
A Precious Resource 236
Depleting Groundwater 236
Can We Increase Water Supplies? 237
Dams, Reservoirs, and Canals 237
Case Study Water Wars on the Klamath 238
Price Mechanisms and Water Policy 239
Water Management and Conservation 240
You Can Make a Difference: 
Domestic Conservation 240
Signs of Progress 241
What Can You Do? Saving Water and Preventing Pollution 241
Water Pollution 241
Point and Nonpoint Source Pollution 241
Biological Pollution 242
Inorganic Pollutants 245
Organic Chemicals 245
Case Study Arsenic in Drinking Water 246
SEDIMENT AND THERMAL POLLUTION 246
Water Quality Today 247
Surface Waters in the United States 
and Canada 247
Surface Waters in Other Countries 249
Ocean Pollution 251
Pollution Control 252
Nonpoint Sources and Land Management 252
Sewage Treatment 252
Remediation 254
Water Legislation 255
The Clean Water Act 255
Chapter 11	Environmental Geology and Earth Resources 259
Objectives 259
Learning Online 259
Radioactive Waste Disposal at Yucca Mountain 260
A Dynamic Planet 261
A Layered Sphere 261
Tectonic Processes and Shifting Continents 261
Minerals and Rocks 262
Rock Types and How They Are Formed 262
Weathering and Sedimentation 264
Economic Geology and Mineralogy 265
Metals 265
Nonmetal Mineral Resources 265
Fuels: Oil, Coal, and Uranium 266
Environmental Effects of Resource Extraction 267
MINING 267
What Can You Do? Coal-Bed Methane 268
Processing 269
Conserving Geologic Resources 270
Recycling 270
Steel and Iron Recycling: Minimills 270
Substituting New Materials for Old 271
Geologic Hazards 271
Earthquakes 271
Volcanoes 272
Floods 273
Erosion 274
Chapter 12	Energy 278
Objectives 278
Learning Online 278
Sea Power 279
Energy Sources and Uses 279
Current Energy Sources 280
Per Capita Consumption 280
How We Use Energy 280
Fossil Fuels 282
Coal 282
Oil 283
Oil Shales and Tar Sands 284
Natural Gas 285
Nuclear Power 285
How Do Nuclear Reactors Work? 286
Nuclear Reactor Design 286
Nuclear Wastes 287
ENERGY CONSERVATION 288
Using Energy More Efficiently 288
What Can You Do? Some Things You Can Do to Save Energy 289
Cogeneration 290
What Do You Think? Hybrid Automobile Engines 290
Solar Energy 291
Passive Solar Heat 291
Active Solar Heat 291
High-Temperature Solar Energy 292
Photovoltaic Energy 293
Transporting and Storing Electrical Energy 294
Promoting Renewable Energy 295
Fuel Cells 295
Biomass 296
Fuelwood Crisis 
in Less-Developed Countries 296
Dung and Methane as Fuels 297
Fuels from Biomass 298
Energy From the Earth?s Forces 298
Hydropower 298
Wind Energy 299
Geothermal, Tidal, and Wave Energy 301
What?s Our Energy Future? 302
Chapter 13	Solid and Hazardous Waste 306
Objectives 306
Learning Online 306
Garbology: The Science of Trash 307
Waste 307
THE WASTE STREAM 308
Waste Disposal Methods 308
Open Dumps 308
Ocean Dumping 309
Landfills 309
Exporting Waste 311
Incineration and Resource Recovery 311
Investigating Our Environment Environmental Justice 312
Shrinking the Waste Stream 313
Recycling 313
Composting 315
Energy from Waste 316
Demanufacturing 316
Reuse 316
Producing Less Waste 317
What Can You Do? Reducing Waste 318
Hazardous and Toxic Wastes 318
What Is Hazardous Waste? 318
Hazardous Waste Disposal 319
Options for Hazardous Waste Management 322
Investigating Our Environment Bioremediation 323
Chapter 14	Sustainability and Human Development 327
Objectives 327
Learning Online 327
Curitiba: An Environmental Showcase 328
Sustainability and Resources 328
Sustainable Development 329
Can Development Be Sustainable? 329
Resources in Classical Economics 329
Neoclassical Economics 330
Ecological Economics 330
Scarcity and Limits to Growth 332
Communal Property and the Tragedy 
of the Commons 333
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS AND NATURAL RESOURCE ACCOUNTING 333
Accounting for Nonmonetary Resources 334
Measuring Real Progress 334
Internal and External Costs 335
Trade and Development 336
International Trade 336
International Development 
and the World Bank 336
Microlending 336
Green Business and Green Design 337
Design for the Environment 337
Jobs and the Environment 338
What Can You Do? Personally Responsible Consumerism 338
Urban Development and Sustainable Cities 338
Urban Growth 339
Cities in Developing Countries 340
Causes of Urban Growth 340
Urban Problems in Developing Countries 342
Air and Water Pollution 342
Investigating Our Environment Urban Ecology 343
Housing 343
Urban Sprawl 344
Smart Growth 346
Urban Sustainability in the Developed World 346
Sustainable Development in the Third World 348
Case Study A Model Sustainable City 349
Chapter 15	Environmental Science and Policy 352
Objectives 352
LEARNING ONLINE 352
River Watch 353
Making Decisions in an Uncertain World 353
Adaptive Management 354
?Wicked? Problems 355
The Precautionary Principle 355
Environmental Education 356
Environmental Literacy 356
Environmental Careers 357
Citizen Science 358
Environmental Policy 358
The Policy Cycle 359
Political Decision Making 360
NEPA and EIS 360
Environmental Law 361
Statutory Law: The Legislative Branch 361
Case Law: The Judicial Branch 362
Administrative Law: The Executive Branch 365
International Treaties and Conventions 367
Dispute Resolution and Community-Based Planning 369
Arbitration and Mediation 369
Collaborative Approaches to Community-Based Planning 369
Citizen Participation 370
Collective Action 371
Student Environmental Groups 371
Mainline Environmental Organizations 371
Radical Environmental Groups 372
International Nongovernmental Organizations 373
Appendix 1	Vegetation Map 378
APPENDIX 2	WORLD POPULATION DENSITY MAP 380
Appendix 3	Temperature Regions and Ocean Currents Map 382
Appendix 4	Periodic Table of the Elements 384
Appendix 5	Units of Measurement Metric/English Conversions 385
Glossary 387
Credits 399
Index 401

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