Oceanography An Invitation to Marine Science 9th Edition Garrison Solutions Manual

1. Ch 1: The Origin of the Ocean
2. Ch 1: Key Concepts
3. 1.1: Earth Is an Ocean World
4. 1.2: Marine Scientists Use the Logic of Science to Study the Ocean
5. 1.3: Stars Form Seas
6. 1.4: Earth, Ocean, and Atmosphere Accumulated in Layers Sorted by Density
7. 1.5: Life Probably Originated in the Ocean
8. 1.6: What Will Be Earth’s Future?
9. 1.7: Are There Other Ocean Worlds?
10. Ch 1: Questions from Students
11. Ch 1: Terms and Concepts to Remember
12. Ch 1: Study Questions
13. Ch 1: Global Geoscience Watch
14. Ch 2: A History of Marine Science
15. Ch 2: Key Concepts
16. 2.1: Understanding the Ocean Began with Voyaging for Trade and Exploration
17. 2.2: The Age of European Discovery
18. 2.3: Voyaging Combined with Science to Advance Ocean Studies
19. 2.4: The First Scientific Expeditions Were Undertaken by Governments
20. 2.5: Contemporary Oceanography Makes Use of Modern Technology
21. Ch 2: Questions from Students
22. Ch 2: Terms and Concepts to Remember
23. Ch 2: Study Questions
24. Ch 2: Global Geoscience Watch
25. Ch 3: Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics
26. Ch 3: Key Concepts
27. 3.1: Pieces of Earth’s Surface Look Like They Once Fit Together
28. 3.2: Earth’s Interior Is Layered
29. 3.3: The Study of Earthquakes Provides Evidence for Layering
30. 3.4: Earth’s Inner Structure Was Gradually Revealed
31. 3.5: The New Understanding of Earth Evolved Slowly
32. 3.6: Wegener’s Idea Is Transformed
33. 3.7: The Breakthrough: From Seafloor Spreading to Plate Tectonics
34. 3.8: Plates Interact at Plate Boundaries
35. 3.9: A Summary of Plate Interactions
36. 3.10: The Confirmation of Plate Tectonics
37. 3.11: Scientists Still Have Much to Learn about the Tectonic Process
38. Ch 3: Questions from Students
39. Ch 3: Terms and Concepts to Remember
40. Ch 3: Study Questions
41. Ch 3: Global Geoscience Watch
42. Ch 4: Ocean Basins
43. Ch 4: Key Concepts
44. 4.1: The Ocean Floor Is Mapped by Bathymetry
45. 4.2: Ocean-Floor Topography Varies with Location
46. 4.3: Continental Margins May Be Active or Passive
47. 4.4: The Topography of Deep-Ocean Basins Differs from That of the Continental Margin
48. 4.5: The Marine Environment Is Classified in Distinct Zones
49. 4.6: The Grand Tour
50. Ch 4: Questions from Students
51. Ch 4: Terms and Concepts to Remember
52. Ch 4: Study Questions
53. Ch 4: Global Geoscience Watch
54. Ch 5: Sediments
55. Ch 5: Key Concepts
56. 5.1: Ocean Sediments Vary Greatly in Appearance
57. 5.2: Sediments Are Classified by Particle Size
58. 5.3: Sediments May Be Classified by Source
59. 5.4: Neritic Sediments Overlie Continental Margins
60. 5.5: Pelagic Sediments Vary in Composition and Thickness
61. 5.6: Researchers Have Mapped the Distribution of Deep-Ocean Sediments
62. 5.7: Geologists Use Specialized Tools to Study Ocean Sediments
63. 5.8: Sediments Are Historical Records of Ocean Processes
64. 5.9: Marine Sediments Are Economically Important
65. Ch 5: Questions from Students
66. Ch 5: Terms and Concepts to Remember
67. Ch 5: Study Questions
68. Ch 5: Global Geoscience Watch
69. Ch 6: Water and Ocean Structure
70. Ch 6: Key Concepts
71. 6.1: A Note to the Reader
72. 6.2: Familiar, Abundant, and Odd
73. 6.3: The Water Molecule Is Held Together by Chemical Bonds
74. 6.4: Water Has Unusual Thermal Characteristics
75. 6.5: Surface Water Moderates Global Temperature
76. 6.6: The Ocean Is Stratified by Density
77. 6.7: Refraction Can Bend the Paths of Light and Sound through Water
78. 6.8: Light Does Not Travel Far through the Ocean
79. 6.9: Sound Travels Much Farther Than Light through the Ocean
80. Ch 6: Questions from Students
81. Ch 6: Terms and Concepts to Remember
82. Ch 6: Study Questions
83. Ch 6: Global Geoscience Watch
84. Ch 7: Ocean Chemistry
85. Ch 7: Key Concepts
86. 7.1: Water Is a Powerful Solvent
87. 7.2: Seawater Consists of Water and Dissolved Solids
88. 7.3: Gases Dissolve in Seawater
89. 7.4: The Ocean’s Acid–Base Balance Varies with Dissolved Components and Depth
90. Ch 7: Questions from Students
91. Ch 7: Terms and Concepts to Remember
92. Ch 7: Study Questions
93. Ch 7: Global Geoscience Watch
94. Ch 8: Circulation of the Atmosphere
95. Ch 8: Key Concepts
96. 8.1: The Atmosphere and Ocean Interact with Each Other
97. 8.2: The Atmosphere Is Composed Mainly of Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Water Vapor
98. 8.3: The Atmosphere Moves in Response to Uneven Solar Heating and Earth’s Rotation
99. 8.4: Atmospheric Circulation Generates Large-Scale Surface Wind Patterns
100. 8.5: Storms Are Variations in Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation
101. 8.6: Katrina and Sandy
102. Ch 8: Questions From Students
103. Ch 8: Terms and Concepts to Remember
104. Ch 8: Study Questions
105. Ch 8: Global Geoscience Watch
106. Ch 9: Circulation of the Ocean
107. Ch 9: Key Concepts
108. 9.1: Mass Flow of Ocean Water Is Driven by Wind and Gravity
109. 9.2: Surface Currents Are Driven by the Winds
110. 9.3: Surface Currents Affect Weather and Climate
111. 9.4: Wind Can Cause Vertical Movement of Ocean Water
112. 9.5: El Niño and La Niña Are Exceptions to Normal Wind and Current Flow
113. 9.5: Thermohaline Circulation Affects All the Ocean’s Water
114. Ch 9: Questions from Students
115. Ch 9: Terms and Concepts to Remember
116. Ch 9: Study Questions
117. Ch 9: Global Geoscience Watch
118. Ch 10: Waves
119. Ch 10: Key Concepts
120. 10.1: Ocean Waves Move Energy across the Sea Surface
121. 10.2: Waves Are Classified by Their Physical Characteristics
122. 10.3: The Behavior of Waves Is Influenced by the Depth of Water through Which They Are Moving
123. 10.4: Wind Blowing over the Ocean Generates Waves
124. 10.5: Interference Produces Irregular Wave Motions
125. 10.6: Deep-Water Waves Change to Shallow-Water Waves as They Approach Shore
126. 10.7: Internal Waves Can Form between Ocean Layers of Differing Densities
127. 10.8: “Tidal Waves” Are Probably Not What You Think
128. 10.9: Storm Surges Form beneath Strong Cyclonic Storms
129. 10.10: Water Can Rock in a Confined Basin
130. 10.11: Water Displacement Causes Tsunami and Seismic Sea Waves
131. Ch 10: Questions from Students
132. Ch 10: Terms and Concepts to Remember
133. Ch 10: Study Questions
134. Ch 10: Global Geoscience Watch
135. Ch 11: Tides
136. Ch 11: Key Concepts
137. 11.1: Tides Are the Longest of All Ocean Waves
138. 11.2: Tides Are Forced Waves Formed by Gravity and Inertia
139. 11.3: The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds Fluid Motion Dynamics to the Equilibrium Theory
140. 11.4: Most Tides Can Be Accurately Predicted
141. 11.5: Tidal Patterns Can Affect Marine Organisms
142. 11.6: Power Can Be Extracted from Tidal Motion
143. Ch 11: Questions from Students
144. Ch 11: Terms and Concepts to Remember
145. Ch 11: Study Questions
146. Ch 11: Global Geoscience Watch
147. Ch 12: Coasts
148. Ch 12: Key Concepts
149. 12.1: Coasts Are Shaped by Marine and Terrestrial Processes
150. 12.2: Erosional Processes Dominate Some Coasts
151. 12.3: Beaches Dominate Depositional Coasts
152. 12.4: Larger-Scale Features Accumulate on Depositional Coasts
153. 12.5: Biological Activity Forms and Modifies Coasts
154. 12.6: Freshwater Meets the Ocean in Estuaries
155. 12.7: The Characteristics of U.S. Coasts
156. 12.8: Humans Interfere in Coastal Processes
157. Ch 12: Questions from Students
158. Ch 12: Terms and Concepts to Remember
159. Ch 12: Study Questions
160. Ch 12: Global Geoscience Watch
161. Ch 13: Life in the Ocean
162. Ch 13: Key Concepts
163. 13.1: Life on Earth Is Notable for Unity and Its Diversity
164. 13.2: The Concept of Evolution Helps Explain the Nature of Life in the Ocean
165. 13.3: Rapid, Violent Change Causes Mass Extinctions
166. 13.4: Oceanic Life Is Classified by Evolutionary Heritage
167. 13.5: The Flow of Energy Allows Living Things to Maintain Complex Organization
168. 13.6: Living Organisms Are Built from a Few Elements
169. 13.7: Elements Cycle between Living Organisms and Their Surroundings
170. 13.8: Environmental Factors Influence the Success of Marine Organisms
171. Ch 13: Questions from Students
172. Ch 13: Terms and Concepts to Remember
173. Ch 13: Study Questions
174. Ch 13: Global Geoscience Watch
175. Ch 14: Primary Producers
176. Ch 14: Key Concepts
177. 14.1: Primary Producers Synthesize Organic Material
178. 14.2: Plankton Drift with Ocean Currents
179. 14.3: Plankton Collection Methods Depend on the Organism’s Size
180. 14.4: Phytoplankton
181. 14.5: Lack of Nutrients and Light Can Limit Primary Productivity
182. 14.6: Production Equals Consumption at the Compensation Depth
183. 14.7: Phytoplankton Productivity Varies with Local Conditions
184. 14.8: Seaweeds and Marine Plants Are Diverse and Efficient Primary Producers
185. 14.9: Primary Productivity Also Occurs Deep in the Water Column, at Hydrothermal Vents, in Seabed Se
186. Ch 14: Questions from Students
187. Ch 14: Terms and Concepts to Remember
188. Ch 14: Study Questions
189. Ch 14: Global Geoscience Watch
190. Ch 15: Marine Animals
191. Ch 15: Key Concepts
192. 15.1: Animals Evolved When Food and Oxygen Became Plentiful
193. 15.2: Invertebrates Are the Most Successful and Abundant Animals
194. 15.3: The Worm Phyla Are the Link to Advanced Animals
195. 15.4: Advanced Invertebrates Have Complex Bodies and Internal Systems
196. 15.5: Construction of Complex Chordate Bodies Begins on a Stiffening Scaffold
197. 15.6: Vertebrate Evolution Traces a Long and Diverse History
198. 15.7: Fishes Are Earth’s Most Abundant and Successful Vertebrates
199. 15.8: Fishes Are Successful Because of Unique Adaptations
200. 15.9: Sea Turtles and Marine Crocodiles Are Ocean-Going Reptiles
201. 15.10: Some Marine Birds Are the World’s Most Efficient Flyers
202. 15.11: Marine Mammals Include the Largest Animals Ever to Have Lived
203. Ch 15: Questions from Students
204. Ch 15: Terms and Concepts to Remember
205. Ch 15: Study Questions
206. Ch 15: Global Geoscience Watch
207. Ch 16: Marine Communities
208. Ch 16: Key Concepts
209. 16.1: Marine Organisms Live in Communities
210. 16.2: Communities Consist of Interacting Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers
211. 16.3: Marine Communities Change as Time Passes
212. 16.4: Examples of Shoreline Marine Communities
213. 16.5: Examples of Shallow Benthic and Open-Ocean Marine Communities
214. 16.6: Examples of Deep-Sea Marine Communities
215. 16.7: Organisms in Communities Can Live in Symbiosis
216. Ch 16: Questions from Students
217. Ch 16: Terms and Concepts to Remember
218. Ch 16: Study Questions
219. Ch 16: Global Geoscience Watch
220. Ch 17: Marine Resources
221. Ch 17: Key Concepts
222. 17.1: Marine Resources Are Subject to the Economic Laws of Supply and Demand
223. 17.2: Physical Resources
224. 17.3: Renewable Sources of Marine Energy
225. 17.4: Biological Resources
226. 17.5: Nonextractive Resources Use the Ocean in Place
227. 17.6: The Law of the Sea Governs Marine Resource Allocation
228. Ch 17: Questions from Students
229. Ch 17: Terms and Concepts to Remember
230. Ch 17: Study Questions
231. Ch 17: Global Geoscience Watch
232. Ch 18: The Ocean and the Environment
233. Ch 18: Key Concepts
234. 18.1: An Introduction to Marine Environmental Issues
235. 18.2: Marine Pollutants May Be Natural or Human Generated
236. 18.3: Organisms Cannot Prosper if Their Habitats Are Disturbed
237. 18.4: Marine Protected Areas Are Refuges
238. 18.5: Earth’s Climate Is Changing
239. 18.6: What Can Be Done?
240. Ch 18: Questions from Students
241. Ch 18: Terms and Concepts to Remember
242. Ch 18: Study Questions
243. Ch 18: Global Geoscience Watch
244. Afterword
245. Appendix 1: Measurements and Conversions
246. Appendix 2: Geologic Time
247. Appendix 3: Latitude and Longitude, Time, and Navigation
248. Appendix 4: Maps and Charts
249. Appendix 5: The Beaufort Scale
250. Appendix 6: Taxonomic Classification of Marine Organisms
251. Appendix 7: Periodic Table of the Elements
252. Appendix 8: Working in Marine Science
253. Appendix 9: The World Ocean Seafloor
254. Glossary
255. Index
256. ES-6
257. ES-7

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