International Business The Challenges of Globalization Canadian 1st Edition Wild Test Bank

1. Part 1 Global Business Environment
2. Chapter One Globalization
3. Learning Objectives
4. 1.1 Key Players in International Business
5. Multinational Corporations
6. Entrepreneurs and Small Businesses
7. QUICK STUDY 1
8. 1.2 What is Globalization?
9. Globalization of Markets
10. REDUCES MARKETING COSTS
11. CREATES NEW MARKET OPPORTUNITIES
12. LEVELS UNEVEN INCOME STREAMS
13. LOCAL BUYERS’ NEEDS
14. GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY
15. Globalization of Production
16. ACCESS LOWER-COST WORKERS
17. ACCESS TECHNICAL EXPERTISE
18. ACCESS PRODUCTION INPUTS
19. QUICK STUDY 2
20. 1.3 Forces Driving Globalization
21. Falling Barriers to Trade and Investment
22. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
23. OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
24. REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS
25. TRADE AND NATIONAL OUTPUT
26. Technological Innovation
27. EMAIL AND VIDEOCONFERENCING
28. THE INTERNET
29. COMPANY INTRANETS AND EXTRANETS
30. ADVANCEMENTS IN TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGIES
31. Measuring Globalization
32. QUICK STUDY 3
33. 1.4 Debate about Jobs and Wages
34. Against Globalization
35. ELIMINATES JOBS IN DEVELOPED NATIONS
36. LOWERS WAGES IN DEVELOPED NATIONS
37. EXPLOITS WORKERS IN DEVELOPING NATIONS
38. For Globalization
39. INCREASES WEALTH AND EFFICIENCY IN ALL NATIONS
40. GENERATES LABOR MARKET FLEXIBILITY IN DEVELOPED NATIONS
41. ADVANCES THE ECONOMIES OF DEVELOPING NATIONS
42. Summary of the Jobs and Wages Debate
43. QUICK STUDY 4
44. 1.5 Debate about Income Inequality
45. Inequality within Nations
46. Inequality between Nations
47. Global Inequality
48. SUMMARY OF THE INCOME INEQUALITY DEBATE
49. QUICK STUDY 5
50. 1.6 Debate about Culture, Sovereignty, and the Environment
51. Globalization and Culture
52. Globalization and National Sovereignty
53. GLOBALIZATION: MENACE TO DEMOCRACY?
54. GLOBALIZATION: GUARDIAN OF DEMOCRACY?
55. Globalization and the Environment
56. QUICK STUDY 6
57. 1.7 Developing Skills for your Career
58. The Global Business Environment
59. The Road Ahead for International Business
60. QUICK STUDY 7
61. Chapter Summary
62. Key Terms
63. Ethical Challenge
64. Teaming Up
65. Market Entry Strategy Project
66. Appendix
67. World Atlas
68. Map Exercises
69. Answers
70. Self-Assessment
71. Part 2 National Business Environments
72. Chapter Two Cross-Cultural Business
73. Learning Objectives
74. 2.1 What is Culture?
75. National Culture
76. Subcultures
77. Physical Environment
78. Need for Cultural Knowledge
79. AVOIDING ETHNOCENTRICITY
80. DEVELOPING CULTURAL LITERACY
81. QUICK STUDY 1
82. 2.2 Values and Behavior
83. Values
84. Attitudes
85. Aesthetics
86. Appropriate Behavior
87. MANNERS
88. CUSTOMS
89. Folk and Popular Customs
90. Gift Giving Customs
91. QUICK STUDY 2
92. 2.3 Social Structure and Education
93. Social Group Associations
94. FAMILY
95. GENDER
96. Social Status
97. Social Mobility
98. CASTE SYSTEM
99. CLASS SYSTEM
100. Education
101. THE “BRAIN DRAIN” PHENOMENON
102. QUICK STUDY 3
103. 2.4 Religion
104. Christianity
105. Islam
106. Hinduism
107. Buddhism
108. Confucianism
109. Judaism
110. Shinto
111. QUICK STUDY 4
112. 2.5 Personal Communication
113. Spoken and Written Language
114. IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGERS
115. LANGUAGE BLUNDERS
116. LINGUA FRANCA
117. Body Language
118. QUICK STUDY 5
119. 2.6 Culture in the Global Workplace
120. Perception of Time
121. View of Work
122. Material Culture
123. Cultural Change
124. WHEN COMPANIES CHANGE CULTURES
125. WHEN CULTURES CHANGE COMPANIES
126. Studying Culture in the Workplace
127. KLUCKHOHN-STRODTBECK FRAMEWORK
128. Case: Japanese Culture
129. HOFSTEDE FRAMEWORK
130. QUICK STUDY 6
131. Chapter Summary
132. Key Terms
133. Ethical Challenge
134. Teaming Up
135. Market Entry Strategy Project
136. Chapter Three Political Economy and Ethics
137. Learning Objectives
138. 3.1 Political Systems
139. Totalitarianism
140. THEOCRATIC TOTALITARIANISM
141. SECULAR TOTALITARIANISM
142. DOING BUSINESS IN TOTALITARIAN COUNTRIES
143. Democracy
144. REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
145. DOING BUSINESS IN DEMOCRACIES
146. QUICK STUDY 1
147. 3.2 Economic Systems
148. Centrally Planned Economy
149. ORIGINS OF THE CENTRALLY PLANNED ECONOMY
150. DECLINE OF CENTRAL PLANNING
151. Failure to Create Economic Value
152. Failure to Provide Incentives
153. Failure to Achieve Rapid Growth
154. Failure to Satisfy Consumer Needs
155. Mixed Economy
156. ORIGINS OF THE MIXED ECONOMY
157. DECLINE OF MIXED ECONOMIES
158. Move toward Privatization
159. Market Economy
160. ORIGINS OF THE MARKET ECONOMY
161. Laissez-Faire Economics
162. FEATURES OF A MARKET ECONOMY
163. GOVERNMENT’S ROLE IN A MARKET ECONOMY
164. Enforcing Antitrust Laws
165. Preserving Property Rights
166. Providing a Stable Fiscal and Monetary Environment
167. Preserving Political Stability
168. ECONOMIC FREEDOM
169. QUICK STUDY 2
170. 3.3 Legal Systems
171. Common Law
172. Civil Law
173. Theocratic Law
174. QUICK STUDY 3
175. 3.4 Global Legal Issues
176. Intellectual Property
177. INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY
178. COPYRIGHTS
179. Product Safety and Liability
180. Taxation
181. Antitrust Regulations
182. QUICK STUDY 4
183. 3.5 Ethics and Social Responsibility
184. Philosophies of Ethics and Social Responsibility
185. Bribery and Corruption
186. Labor Conditions and Human Rights
187. Fair Trade Practices
188. Environment
189. QUICK STUDY 5
190. Chapter Summary
191. Key Terms
192. Ethical Challenge
193. Teaming Up
194. Market Entry Strategy Project
195. Chapter Four Economic Development of Nations
196. Learning Objectives
197. 4.1 Economic Development
198. Classifying Countries
199. DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
200. NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES
201. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
202. National Production
203. UNCOUNTED TRANSACTIONS
204. QUESTION OF GROWTH
205. PROBLEM OF AVERAGES
206. PITFALLS OF COMPARISON
207. Purchasing Power Parity
208. Human Development
209. QUICK STUDY 1
210. 4.2 Economic Transition
211. Managerial Expertise
212. Shortage of Capital
213. Cultural Differences
214. Sustainability
215. QUICK STUDY 2
216. 4.3 Political Risk
217. Conflict and Violence
218. Terrorism and Kidnapping
219. Property Seizure
220. Policy Changes
221. Local Content Requirements
222. QUICK STUDY 3
223. 4.4 Managing Political Risk
224. Adaptation
225. Information Gathering
226. Political Influence
227. International Relations
228. The United Nations
229. QUICK STUDY 4
230. 4.5 Emerging Markets and Economic Transition
231. China’s Profile
232. Chinese Patience and Guanxi
233. China’s Challenges
234. Russia’s Profile
235. Russia’s Challenges
236. QUICK STUDY 5
237. Chapter Summary
238. Key Terms
239. Ethical Challenge
240. Teaming Up
241. Market Entry Strategy Project
242. Part 3 International Trade and Investment
243. Chapter Five International Trade Theory
244. Learning Objectives
245. 5.1 Benefits, Volume, and Patterns of International Trade
246. Benefits of International Trade
247. Volume of International Trade
248. International Trade Patterns
249. Trade Interdependence
250. TRADE DEPENDENCE
251. QUICK STUDY 1
252. 5.2 Mercantilism
253. How Mercantilism Worked
254. TRADE SURPLUSES
255. GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION
256. COLONIALISM
257. Flaws of Mercantilism
258. QUICK STUDY 2
259. 5.3 Theories of Absolute and Comparative Advantage
260. Absolute Advantage
261. CASE: RICELAND AND TEALAND
262. Gains from Specialization and Trade
263. Comparative Advantage
264. Gains from Specialization and Trade
265. ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
266. QUICK STUDY 3
267. 5.4 Factor Proportions Theory
268. Labor Versus Land and Capital Equipment
269. Evidence on Factor Proportions Theory: The Leontief Paradox
270. QUICK STUDY 4
271. 5.5 International Product Life Cycle
272. Stages of the Product Life Cycle
273. Limitations of the Theory
274. QUICK STUDY 5
275. 5.6 New Trade Theory
276. First-Mover Advantage
277. QUICK STUDY 6
278. 5.7 National Competitive Advantage
279. Factor Conditions
280. ADVANCED FACTORS
281. Demand Conditions
282. Related and Supporting Industries
283. Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry
284. Government and Chance
285. QUICK STUDY 7
286. Chapter Summary
287. Key Terms
288. Ethical Challenge
289. Teaming Up
290. Market Entry Strategy Project
291. Chapter Six Political Economy of Trade
292. Learning Objectives
293. 6.1 Why do Governments Intervene in Trade?
294. Political Motives
295. PROTECT JOBS
296. PRESERVE NATIONAL SECURITY
297. National Security and Imports
298. National Security and Exports
299. RESPOND TO “UNFAIR” TRADE
300. GAIN INFLUENCE
301. Economic Motives
302. PROTECT INFANT INDUSTRIES
303. PURSUE STRATEGIC TRADE POLICY
304. Benefits of Strategic Trade Policy
305. Drawbacks of Strategic Trade Policy
306. Cultural Motives
307. CULTURAL INFLUENCE OF THE UNITED STATES
308. QUICK STUDY 1
309. 6.2 Instruments of Trade Promotion
310. Subsidies
311. DRAWBACKS OF SUBSIDIES
312. Export Financing
313. Foreign Trade Zones
314. Special Government Agencies
315. QUICK STUDY 2
316. 6.3 Instruments of Trade Restriction
317. Tariffs
318. PROTECT DOMESTIC PRODUCERS
319. GENERATE REVENUE
320. Quotas
321. REASON FOR IMPORT QUOTAS
322. REASONS FOR EXPORT QUOTAS
323. Voluntary Export Restraints
324. TARIFF-QUOTAS
325. Embargoes
326. Local Content Requirements
327. Administrative Delays
328. Currency Controls
329. QUICK STUDY 3
330. 6.4 Global Trading System
331. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
332. URUGUAY ROUND OF NEGOTIATIONS
333. Agreement on Services
334. Agreement on Intellectual Property
335. Agreement on Agricultural Subsidies
336. World Trade Organization (WTO)
337. DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN THE WTO
338. DUMPING AND THE WTO
339. SUBSIDIES AND THE WTO
340. DOHA ROUND OF NEGOTIATIONS
341. WTO AND THE ENVIRONMENT
342. QUICK STUDY 4
343. Chapter Summary
344. Key Terms
345. Ethical Challenge
346. Teaming Up
347. Market Entry Strategy Project
348. Chapter Seven Foreign Direct Investment
349. Learning Objectives
350. 7.1 Pattern of Foreign Direct Investment
351. Ups and Downs of FDI
352. GLOBALIZATION
353. MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS
354. Worldwide Flows of FDI
355. QUICK STUDY 1
356. 7.2 Theories of Foreign Direct Investment
357. International Product Life Cycle
358. Market Imperfections (Internalization)
359. TRADE BARRIERS
360. SPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE
361. Eclectic Theory
362. Market Power
363. QUICK STUDY 2
364. 7.3 Management Issues and Foreign Direct Investment
365. Control
366. PARTNERSHIP REQUIREMENTS
367. BENEFITS OF COOPERATION
368. Purchase-or-Build Decision
369. Production Costs
370. RATIONALIZED PRODUCTION
371. MEXICO’S MAQUILADORA
372. COST OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
373. Customer Knowledge
374. Following Clients
375. Following Rivals
376. QUICK STUDY 3
377. 7.4 Why Governments Intervene in FDI
378. Balance of Payments
379. CURRENT ACCOUNT
380. CAPITAL ACCOUNT
381. Reasons for Intervention by the Host Country
382. CONTROL BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
383. OBTAIN RESOURCES AND BENEFITS
384. ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGY
385. MANAGEMENT SKILLS AND EMPLOYMENT
386. Reasons for Intervention by the Home Country
387. QUICK STUDY 4
388. 7.5 Government Policy Instruments and FDI
389. Host Countries: Promotion
390. FINANCIAL INCENTIVES
391. INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENTS
392. Host Countries: Restriction
393. OWNERSHIP RESTRICTIONS
394. PERFORMANCE DEMANDS
395. Home Countries: Promotion
396. Home Countries: Restriction
397. QUICK STUDY 5
398. Chapter Summary
399. Key Terms
400. Ethical Challenge
401. Teaming Up
402. Market Entry Strategy Project
403. Chapter Eight Regional Economic Integration
404. Learning Objectives
405. 8.1 Levels of Integration and the Debate
406. Free Trade Area
407. Customs Union
408. Common Market
409. Economic Union
410. Political Union
411. The Case for Regional Integration
412. TRADE CREATION
413. GREATER CONSENSUS
414. POLITICAL COOPERATION
415. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
416. CORPORATE SAVINGS
417. The Case Against Regional Integration
418. TRADE DIVERSION
419. SHIFTS IN EMPLOYMENT
420. LOSS OF NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY
421. QUICK STUDY 1
422. 8.2 Integration in Europe
423. European Union
424. EARLY YEARS
425. Single European Act
426. Maastricht Treaty
427. EUROPEAN MONETARY UNION
428. Management Implications of the Euro
429. ENLARGEMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
430. STRUCTURE OF THE EU
431. European Parliament
432. Council of the EU
433. European Commission
434. Court of Justice
435. Court of Auditors
436. European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
437. QUICK STUDY 2
438. 8.3 Integration in the Americas
439. North American Free Trade Agreement
440. LOCAL CONTENT REQUIREMENTS AND RULES OF ORIGIN
441. EFFECTS OF NAFTA
442. EXPANSION OF NAFTA
443. Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)
444. Andean Community (CAN)
445. Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR)
446. Central America and the Caribbean
447. CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY AND COMMON MARKET (CARICOM)
448. CENTRAL AMERICAN COMMON MARKET (CACM)
449. Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)
450. QUICK STUDY 3
451. 8.4 Integration in Asia and Elsewhere
452. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
453. Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
454. THE RECORD OF APEC
455. Closer Economic Relations (CER) Agreement
456. Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
457. Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
458. African Union (AU)
459. QUICK STUDY 4
460. Chapter Summary
461. Key Terms
462. Ethical Challenge
463. Teaming Up
464. Market Entry Strategy Project
465. Part 4 The International Financial System
466. Chapter Nine International Financial Markets
467. Learning Objectives
468. 9.1 Importance of the International Capital Market
469. Purposes of National Capital Markets
470. ROLE OF DEBT
471. ROLE OF EQUITY
472. Purposes of the International Capital Market
473. EXPANDS THE MONEY SUPPLY FOR BORROWERS
474. REDUCES THE COST OF MONEY FOR BORROWERS
475. REDUCES RISK FOR LENDERS
476. Forces Expanding the International Capital Market
477. World Financial Centers
478. OFFSHORE FINANCIAL CENTERS
479. QUICK STUDY 1
480. 9.2 International Capital Market Components
481. International Bond Market
482. TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL BONDS
483. INTEREST RATES: A DRIVING FORCE
484. International Equity Market
485. SPREAD OF PRIVATIZATION
486. ECONOMIC GROWTH IN EMERGING MARKETS
487. ACTIVITY OF INVESTMENT BANKS
488. ADVENT OF CYBERMARKETS
489. Eurocurrency Market
490. APPEAL OF THE EUROCURRENCY MARKET
491. QUICK STUDY 2
492. 9.3 The Foreign Exchange Market
493. Functions of the Foreign Exchange Market
494. CURRENCY CONVERSION
495. CURRENCY HEDGING
496. CURRENCY ARBITRAGE
497. CURRENCY SPECULATION
498. QUICK STUDY 3
499. 9.4 Currency Quotes and Rates
500. Quoting Currencies
501. DIRECT AND INDIRECT RATE QUOTES
502. CROSS RATES
503. Spot Rates
504. BUY AND SELL RATES
505. Forward Rates
506. FORWARD CONTRACTS
507. Swaps, Options, and Futures
508. CURRENCY SWAPS
509. CURRENCY OPTIONS
510. CURRENCY FUTURES CONTRACTS
511. QUICK STUDY 4
512. 9.5 Market Instruments and Institutions
513. Trading Centers
514. Important Currencies
515. Interbank Market
516. CLEARING MECHANISMS
517. Securities Exchanges
518. Over-the-Counter Market
519. CURRENCY RESTRICTION
520. Instruments for Restricting Currencies
521. QUICK STUDY 5
522. Chapter Summary
523. Key Terms
524. Ethical Challenge
525. Teaming Up
526. Market Entry Strategy Project
527. Appendix
528. Calculating Percent Change in Exchange Rates
529. Chapter Ten International Monetary System
530. Learning Objectives
531. 10.1 Importance of Exchange Rates
532. Desire for Predictability and Stability
533. Efficient versus Inefficient Market View
534. Forecasting Techniques
535. Difficulties of Forecasting
536. QUICK STUDY 1
537. 10.2 What Factors Determine Exchange Rates?
538. Law of One Price
539. MCCURRENCY
540. Purchasing Power Parity
541. NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
542. ROLE OF INFLATION
543. Impact of Money-Supply Decisions
544. Impact of Unemployment and Interest Rates
545. How Exchange Rates Adjust to Inflation
546. ROLE OF INTEREST RATES
547. Fisher Effect
548. EVALUATING PPP
549. Impact of Added Costs
550. Impact of Trade Barriers
551. Impact of Business Confidence and Psychology
552. QUICK STUDY 2
553. 10.3 Fixed Exchange Rate Systems
554. The Gold Standard
555. PAR VALUE
556. ADVANTAGES OF THE GOLD STANDARD
557. COLLAPSE OF THE GOLD STANDARD
558. Bretton Woods Agreement
559. FIXED EXCHANGE RATES
560. BUILT-IN FLEXIBILITY
561. WORLD BANK
562. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
563. Special Drawing Right
564. COLLAPSE OF THE BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENT
565. Smithsonian Agreement
566. Final Days
567. QUICK STUDY 3
568. 10.4 System of Floating Exchange Rates
569. Today’s Exchange-Rate Arrangements
570. PEGGED EXCHANGE-RATE ARRANGEMENT
571. CURRENCY BOARD
572. European Monetary System
573. HOW THE SYSTEM WORKED
574. Recent Financial Crises
575. DEVELOPING NATIONS’ DEBT CRISIS
576. MEXICO’S PESO CRISIS
577. SOUTHEAST ASIA’S CURRENCY CRISIS
578. RUSSIA’S RUBLE CRISIS
579. ARGENTINA’S PESO CRISIS
580. Future of the International Monetary System
581. QUICK STUDY 4
582. Chapter Summary
583. Key Terms
584. Ethical Challenge
585. Teaming Up
586. Market Entry Strategy Project
587. Part 5 International Business Management
588. Chapter Eleven International Strategy and Organization
589. Learning Objectives
590. 11.1 Company Analysis
591. Company Mission and Goals
592. TYPES OF MISSION STATEMENTS
593. Core Competency and Value-Creation
594. UNIQUE ABILITIES OF COMPANIES
595. VALUE-CHAIN ANALYSIS
596. Primary Activities
597. Support Activities
598. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTS
599. QUICK STUDY 1
600. 11.2 Strategy Formulation
601. Two International Strategies
602. MULTINATIONAL STRATEGY
603. GLOBAL STRATEGY
604. Corporate-Level Strategies
605. GROWTH STRATEGY
606. RETRENCHMENT STRATEGY
607. STABILITY STRATEGY
608. COMBINATION STRATEGY
609. Business-Level Strategies
610. LOW-COST LEADERSHIP STRATEGY
611. DIFFERENTIATION STRATEGY
612. FOCUS STRATEGY
613. Department-Level Strategies
614. PRIMARY AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES
615. QUICK STUDY 2
616. 11.3 Issues of Organizational Structure
617. Centralization versus Decentralization
618. WHEN TO CENTRALIZE
619. WHEN TO DECENTRALIZE
620. Participative Management and Accountability
621. Coordination and Flexibility
622. STRUCTURE AND COORDINATION
623. STRUCTURE AND FLEXIBILITY
624. QUICK STUDY 3
625. 11.4 Types of Organizational Structure
626. International Division Structure
627. International Area Structure
628. Global Product Structure
629. Global Matrix Structure
630. Work Teams
631. SELF-MANAGED TEAMS
632. CROSS-FUNCTIONAL TEAMS
633. GLOBAL TEAMS
634. QUICK STUDY 4
635. A Final Word
636. Chapter Summary
637. Key Terms
638. Ethical Challenge
639. Teaming Up
640. Chapter Twelve Analyzing International Opportunities
641. Learning Objectives
642. 12.1 Basic Appeal and National Factors
643. Step 1: Identify Basic Appeal
644. DETERMINING BASIC DEMAND
645. DETERMINING AVAILABILITY OF RESOURCES
646. Step 2: Assess the National Business Environment
647. CULTURAL FORCES
648. POLITICAL AND LEGAL FORCES
649. Government Regulation
650. Government Bureaucracy
651. Political Stability
652. ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL FORCES
653. OTHER FORCES
654. Cost of Transporting Materials and Goods
655. Country Image
656. QUICK STUDY 1
657. 12.2 Measure and Select the Market or Site
658. Step 3: Measure Market or Site Potential
659. MEASURING MARKET POTENTIAL
660. Industrialized Markets
661. Emerging Markets
662. MEASURING SITE POTENTIAL
663. Step 4: Select the Market or Site
664. FIELD TRIPS
665. COMPETITOR ANALYSIS
666. QUICK STUDY 2
667. 12.3 Secondary Market Research
668. International Organizations
669. Government Agencies
670. Industry and Trade Associations
671. Service Organizations
672. Internet
673. Problems with Secondary Research
674. AVAILABILITY OF DATA
675. COMPARABILITY OF DATA
676. QUICK STUDY 3
677. 12.4 Primary Market Research
678. Trade Shows and Trade Missions
679. Interviews and Focus Groups
680. Surveys
681. Environmental Scanning
682. Problems with Primary Research
683. QUICK STUDY 4
684. A Final Word
685. Chapter Summary
686. Key Terms
687. Ethical Challenge
688. Teaming Up
689. Chapter Thirteen Selecting and Managing Entry Modes
690. Learning Objectives
691. 13.1 Exporting, Importing, and Countertrade
692. Why Companies Export
693. Developing an Export Strategy: A Four-Step Model
694. STEP 1: IDENTIFY A POTENTIAL MARKET
695. STEP 2: MATCH NEEDS TO ABILITIES
696. STEP 3: INITIATE MEETINGS
697. STEP 4: COMMIT RESOURCES
698. Degree of Export Involvement
699. DIRECT EXPORTING
700. Sales Representatives
701. Distributors
702. INDIRECT EXPORTING
703. Agents
704. Export Management Companies
705. Export Trading Companies
706. Avoiding Export and Import Blunders
707. Countertrade
708. TYPES OF COUNTERTRADE
709. QUICK STUDY 1
710. 13.2 Export/Import Financing
711. Advance Payment
712. Documentary Collection
713. Letter of Credit
714. Open Account
715. QUICK STUDY 2
716. 13.3 Contractual Entry Modes
717. Licensing
718. ADVANTAGES OF LICENSING
719. DISADVANTAGES OF LICENSING
720. Franchising
721. ADVANTAGES OF FRANCHISING
722. DISADVANTAGES OF FRANCHISING
723. Management Contracts
724. ADVANTAGES OF MANAGEMENT CONTRACTS
725. DISADVANTAGES OF MANAGEMENT CONTRACTS
726. Turnkey Projects
727. ADVANTAGES OF TURNKEY PROJECTS
728. DISADVANTAGES OF TURNKEY PROJECTS
729. QUICK STUDY 3
730. 13.4 Investment Entry Modes
731. Wholly Owned Subsidiaries
732. ADVANTAGES OF WHOLLY OWNED SUBSIDIARIES
733. DISADVANTAGES OF WHOLLY OWNED SUBSIDIARIES
734. Joint Ventures
735. JOINT VENTURE CONFIGURATIONS
736. Forward Integration Joint Venture
737. Backward Integration Joint Venture
738. Buyback Joint Venture
739. Multistage Joint Venture
740. ADVANTAGES OF JOINT VENTURES
741. DISADVANTAGES OF JOINT VENTURES
742. Strategic Alliances
743. ADVANTAGES OF STRATEGIC ALLIANCES
744. DISADVANTAGES OF STRATEGIC ALLIANCES
745. QUICK STUDY 4
746. 13.5 Strategic Factors in Selecting an Entry Mode
747. Selecting Partners for Cooperation
748. Cultural Environment
749. Political and Legal Environments
750. Market Size
751. Production and Shipping Costs
752. International Experience
753. QUICK STUDY 5
754. A Final Word
755. Chapter Summary
756. Key Terms
757. Ethical Challenge
758. Teaming Up
759. Chapter Fourteen Developing and Marketing Products
760. Learning Objectives
761. 14.1 Developing Product Strategies
762. Laws and Regulations
763. Cultural Differences
764. Brand and Product Names
765. Selecting International Brand And Product Names
766. National Image
767. Counterfeit Goods and Black Markets
768. Shortened Product Life Cycles
769. QUICK STUDY 1
770. 14.2 Creating Promotional Strategies
771. Push and Pull Strategies
772. International Advertising
773. STANDARDIZING OR ADAPTING ADVERTISEMENTS
774. CASE: THE ELUSIVE EURO-CONSUMER
775. Blending Product and Promotional Strategies
776. COMMUNICATING PROMOTIONAL MESSAGES
777. PRODUCT/COMMUNICATIONS EXTENSION (DUAL EXTENSION)
778. PRODUCT EXTENSION/COMMUNICATIONS ADAPTATION
779. PRODUCT ADAPTATION/COMMUNICATIONS EXTENSION
780. PRODUCT/COMMUNICATIONS ADAPTATION (DUAL ADAPTATION)
781. PRODUCT INVENTION
782. QUICK STUDY 2
783. 14.3 Designing Distribution Strategies
784. Designing Distribution Channels
785. DEGREE OF EXPOSURE
786. CHANNEL LENGTH AND COST
787. Influence of Product Characteristics
788. Special Distribution Problems
789. LACK OF MARKET UNDERSTANDING
790. THEFT AND CORRUPTION
791. QUICK STUDY 3
792. 14.4 Developing Pricing Strategies
793. Worldwide Pricing
794. Dual Pricing
795. Factors That Affect Pricing Decisions
796. TRANSFER PRICES
797. ARM’S LENGTH PRICING
798. PRICE CONTROLS
799. DUMPING
800. QUICK STUDY 4
801. A Final Word
802. Chapter Summary
803. Key Terms
804. Ethical Challenge
805. Teaming Up
806. Chapter Fifteen Managing International Operations
807. Learning Objectives
808. 15.1 Production Strategy
809. Capacity Planning
810. Facilities Location Planning
811. LOCATION ECONOMIES
812. CENTRALIZATION VERSUS DECENTRALIZATION
813. Process Planning
814. STANDARDIZATION VERSUS ADAPTATION
815. Facilities Layout Planning
816. QUICK STUDY 1
817. 15.2 Acquiring Physical Resources
818. Make-or-Buy Decision
819. REASONS TO MAKE
820. Lower Costs
821. Greater Control
822. REASONS TO BUY
823. Lower Risk
824. Greater Flexibility
825. Market Power
826. Barriers to Buying
827. Raw Materials
828. Fixed Assets
829. QUICK STUDY 2
830. 15.3 Key Production Concerns
831. Quality Improvement Efforts
832. TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
833. ISO 9000
834. Shipping and Inventory Costs
835. Reinvestment versus Divestment
836. QUICK STUDY 3
837. 15.4 Financing Business Operations
838. Borrowing
839. Issuing Equity
840. ISSUING AMERICAN DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS
841. Advantages of ADRs
842. VENTURE CAPITAL
843. EMERGING STOCK MARKETS
844. Internal Funding
845. INTERNAL EQUITY, DEBT, AND FEES
846. REVENUE FROM OPERATIONS
847. Capital Structure
848. QUICK STUDY 4
849. A Final Word
850. Chapter Summary
851. Key Terms
852. Ethical Challenge
853. Teaming Up
854. Chapter Sixteen Hiring and Managing Employees
855. Learning Objectives
856. 16.1 International Staffing Policies
857. Ethnocentric Staffing
858. ADVANTAGES OF ETHNOCENTRIC STAFFING
859. DISADVANTAGES OF ETHNOCENTRIC STAFFING
860. Polycentric Staffing
861. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF POLYCENTRIC STAFFING
862. Geocentric Staffing
863. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GEOCENTRIC STAFFING
864. QUICK STUDY 1
865. 16.2 Recruiting and Selecting Human Resources
866. Human Resource Planning
867. Recruiting Human Resources
868. CURRENT EMPLOYEES
869. RECENT COLLEGE GRADUATES
870. LOCAL MANAGERIAL TALENT
871. NONMANAGERIAL WORKERS
872. Selecting Human Resources
873. Culture Shock
874. Reverse Culture Shock
875. DEALING WITH REVERSE CULTURE SHOCK
876. QUICK STUDY 2
877. 16.3 Training and Development
878. Methods of Cultural Training
879. ENVIRONMENTAL BRIEFINGS AND CULTURAL ORIENTATIONS
880. CULTURAL ASSIMILATION AND SENSITIVITY TRAINING
881. LANGUAGE TRAINING
882. FIELD EXPERIENCE
883. Compiling a Cultural Profile
884. Nonmanagerial Worker Training
885. QUICK STUDY 3
886. 16.4 Employee Compensation
887. Managerial Employees
888. BONUS AND TAX INCENTIVES
889. CULTURAL AND SOCIAL CONTRIBUTORS TO COST
890. Nonmanagerial Workers
891. QUICK STUDY 4
892. 16.5 Labor–Management Relations
893. Importance of Labor Unions
894. INTERNATIONAL LABOR MOVEMENTS
895. QUICK STUDY 5
896. A Final Word
897. Chapter Summary
898. Key Terms
899. Ethical Challenge
900. Teaming Up
901. Endnotes
902. Glossary
903. Name Index

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