Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime An Introduction 3rd Edition Britz Test Bank

1. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER FORENSICS AND CYBERCRIME
2. I. Introduction
3. II. Cyberspace and Criminal Behavior
4. III. Clarification of Terms
5. IV. Traditional Problems Associated with Computer Crime
6. a. Physicality and Jurisdictional Concerns
7. b. Perceived Insignificance, Stereotypes, and Incompetence
8. c. Prosecutorial Reluctance
9. d. Lack of Reporting
10. e. Lack of Resources
11. f. Jurisprudential Inconsistency
12. V. Extent of the Problem
13. VI. The Emergence of e-Cash: A New Problem for Law Enforcement
14. a. Prepaid Cards
15. b. Stored Value Cards
16. c. Mobile Payments
17. d. Internet Payment Services
18. e. Digital Precious Metals
19. VII. Conclusions
20. Discussion Questions
21. Recommended Reading
22. Web Resources
23. Endnotes
24. Chapter 2 COMPUTER TERMINOLOGY AND HISTORY
25. I. A Brief History of Computers
26. II. Computer Language
27. a. Understanding Data
28. III. Computer Hardware
29. a. Input Devices
30. b. Output Devices
31. c. Hard Drives and Other Mass Storage Devices
32. IV. Computer Software
33. a. Boot Sequence
34. b. Operating System
35. V. Beyond DOS: Contemporary Operating Systems
36. a. Microsoft Windows
37. b. Macintosh
38. c. UNIX
39. d. LINUX
40. e. Smart Phones
41. VI. Application Software
42. VII. A Brief History of the Internet
43. VIII. Network Language
44. a. Commonly Used Terms
45. IX. Realms of the Cyberworld
46. X. Data Bandwith Transfer Rates
47. XI. Categorizing Internet Communication
48. a. World Wide Web
49. b. Newsgroups/Bulletin Boards (Usenet Groups)
50. c. Internet Relay Chat
51. XII. Future Issues and Conclusions
52. Discussion Questions
53. Recommended Reading
54. Web Resources
55. Endnotes
56. Chapter 3 TRADITIONAL COMPUTER CRIME: EARLY HACKERS AND THEFT OF COMPONENTS
57. I. Introduction
58. II. Traditional Problems
59. III. Recognizing and Defining Computer Crime
60. IV. Three Incidents
61. V. Phreakers: Yesterday’s Hackers
62. a. What Is Phreaking?
63. b. The War on Phreaking
64. VI. Hacking
65. a. Defining Hacking
66. b. Evolution in the Hacking Community
67. c. Contemporary Motivation
68. d. Hierarchy of Contemporary Cybercriminals
69. VII. Computers as Commodities
70. a. Hardware
71. VIII. Theft of Intellectual Property
72. a. Software
73. b. Film Piracy
74. XI. Conclusions
75. Discussion Questions
76. Recommended Reading
77. Web Resources
78. Endnotes
79. Chapter 4 CONTEMPORARY COMPUTER CRIME
80. I. Web-Based Criminal Activity
81. a. Interference with Lawful Use of Computers
82. II. Malware
83. a. Viruses and Worms
84. b. DoS and DDoS Attacks
85. c. Botnets and Zombie Armies
86. d. Spam
87. e. Ransomware and the Kidnapping of Information
88. III. Theft of Information, Data Manipulation, and Web Encroachment
89. a. Traditional Methods of Proprietary Information Theft
90. b. Trade Secrets and Copyrights
91. c. Political Espionage
92. IV. Terrorism
93. a. Cyberterrorism
94. V. Neotraditional Crime: Old Wine in New Bottles
95. a. Dissemination of Contraband or Offensive Materials
96. b. Threatening and Harassing Communications
97. c. Online Fraud
98. d. e-Fencing
99. e. Fraudulent Instruments
100. VI. Ancillary Crimes
101. a. Money Laundering
102. VII. Conclusions
103. Discussion Questions
104. Recommended Reading
105. Web Resources
106. Endnotes
107. Chapter 5 IDENTITY THEFT AND IDENTITY FRAUD
108. I. Introduction
109. II. Typologies of Identity Theft/Fraud
110. a. Assumption of Identity
111. b. Theft for Employment and/or Border Entry
112. c. Criminal Record Identity Theft/Fraud
113. d. Virtual Identity Theft/Fraud
114. e. Credit Identity Theft/Fraud
115. III. Prevalence and Victimology
116. a. Victims and the Costs Associated with Victimization
117. b. Future Increases
118. IV. Physical Methods of Identity Theft
119. a. Mail Theft
120. b. Dumpster Diving
121. c. Theft of Computers
122. d. Bag Operations
123. e. Child Identity Theft
124. f. Insiders
125. g. Fraudulent or Fictitious Companies
126. h. Card Skimming, ATM Manipulation, and Fraudulent Machines
127. V. Virtual or Internet-Facilitated Methods
128. a. Phishing
129. b. Spyware and Crimeware
130. c. Keyloggers and Password Stealers
131. d. Trojans
132. VI. Crimes Facilitated by Identity Theft/Fraud
133. a. Insurance and Loan Fraud
134. b. Immigration Fraud and Border Crossings
135. VII. Conclusions and Recommendations
136. Discussion Questions
137. Recommended Reading
138. Web Resources
139. Endnotes
140. Chapter 6 TERRORISM AND ORGANIZED CRIME
141. I. Terrorism
142. a. Defining Terrorism
143. b. Classification Through Motivation
144. c. Roots of Contemporary Terrorism
145. d. Terrorism as a Stage
146. e. Cyberterrorism as a Concept
147. II. Terror Online
148. a. Propaganda, Information Dissemination, Recruiting, and Fundraising
149. b. Training
150. c. Research and Planning
151. d. Communication
152. e. Attack Mechanism
153. III. Terrorism and Crime
154. a. Criminal Activities
155. b. Criminalizing Terrorist Acts
156. c. Government Efforts
157. d. Conclusions
158. IV. Organized Crime
159. a. Defining Organized Crime
160. b. Distinguishing Organized Crime from Cybergangs
161. V. Organized Crime and Technology
162. a. Extortion
163. b. Cargo Heists and Armed Robbery
164. c. Fraud
165. d. Money Laundering
166. e. The Sex Trade
167. f. Confidence Scams
168. g. Fencing of Stolen Property
169. h. Data Piracy and Counterfeit Goods
170. i. Human Smuggling
171. VI. Confronting Contemporary Organized Crime
172. VII. The Intersection of Organized Crime and Terrorism
173. Discussion Questions
174. Recommended Reading
175. Web Resources
176. Endnotes
177. Chapter 7 AVENUES FOR PROSECUTION AND GOVERNMENT EFFORTS
178. I. Introduction
179. II. Traditional Statutes
180. III. The Evolution of Computer-Specific Statutes
181. a. Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986
182. b. National Information Infrastructure Protection Act of 1996 (NIIPA)
183. IV. Evolving Child Pornography Statutes
184. V. Identity Theft and Financial Privacy Statutes
185. a. Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act of 1998
186. b. The Financial Modernization Act of 1999
187. c. Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACTA) 2003
188. d. Identity Theft Penalty Enhancement Act of 2004
189. e. Identity Theft Enforcement and Restitution Act of 2008
190. f. Additional Efforts to Protect Personal Information
191. VI. Federally Funded Initiatives and Collaborations
192. VII. Law Enforcement Operations and Tools in the United States
193. a. Packet Sniffers and Key Loggers
194. b. Data Mining
195. c. Collaborations and Professional Associations
196. VIII. International Efforts
197. a. OECD and the Select Committee of Experts on Computer-Related Crime of the Council of Europe
198. b. Council of Europe’s (CoE) Cybercrime Conventions
199. IX. Conclusions
200. Discussion Questions
201. Recommended Reading
202. Web Resources
203. Endnotes
204. Chapter 8 APPLYING THE FIRST AMENDMENT TO COMPUTER-RELATED CRIME
205. I. Introduction and General Principles
206. II. Obscenity in General
207. III. Traditional Notions of Decency
208. IV. Emerging Statutes and the Availability of Obscene Material to Children
209. V. Traditional Attempts to Criminalize Child Pornography
210. VI. Applying Case Law to Traditional Child Pornography Statutes
211. a. New York v. Ferber
212. b. Osborne v. Ohio
213. VII. Technology-Specific Legislation—Contention in the Courts
214. a. Child Pornography Prevention Act
215. b. Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition
216. c. Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today Act (PROTECT)
217. d. U.S. v. Williams
218. VIII. Internet Gambling
219. a. Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 (UIGEA)
220. b. Case law on Internet Gaming Statutes
221. c. Lack of International Cooperation and the WTO
222. IX. Future Issues and Conclusions
223. Discussion Questions
224. Recommended Reading
225. Web Resources
226. Endnotes
227. Chapter 9 THE FOURTH AMENDMENT AND OTHER LEGAL ISSUES
228. I. The Fourth Amendment
229. a. Probable Cause
230. b. Reasonable Suspicion
231. II. Warranted Searches and Computers
232. a. Particularity
233. b. Seizure of Evidence
234. c. Third-Party Origination
235. d. Other Arguments Used in Warranted Searches
236. III. Warrantless Searches
237. a. Consent
238. b. Exigent Circumstances and Emergency Situations
239. c. Incident to Arrest
240. d. Plain View
241. e. Border Searches
242. f. Other Warrantless Searches
243. IV. Exclusionary Rule
244. V. Electronic Surveillance and the Right to Privacy
245. a. Types of Recognized Privacy
246. VI. Private versus Public Sector Searches
247. VII. Application of Ortega to E-mail: The Cases of Simons and Monroe
248. VII. The Electronic Communications Privacy Act and The Privacy Protection Act of 1980
249. a. Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986
250. b. Three Titles under ECPA
251. c. Privacy Protection Act
252. d. Defining Interception under ECPA and the PPA
253. e. Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act
254. f. Challenges to the CALEA
255. g. Applying the Wiretap Act to E-mail Interceptions—U.S. v. Councilman
256. VIII. The Patriot Act
257. a. Enhanced Presidential Authority
258. b. Electronic Surveillance and Criminal Investigations
259. c. National Security Letters and Other Fourth Amendment Issues
260. IX. Other Questions Regarding Privacy
261. a. Peer-to-Peer or File sharing
262. b. Internet Service Provider Subscriber Records
263. c. Web sites
264. d. Cell phones
265. X. Other Legal Considerations
266. a. Vicinage
267. b. Undercover Techniques
268. c. Sentencing Guidelines
269. XI. Conclusions
270. Discussion Questions
271. Recommended Reading
272. Web Resources
273. Endnotes
274. Chapter 10 COMPUTER FORENSICS: TERMINOLOGY AND REQUIREMENTS
275. I. Computer Forensics—An Emerging Discipline
276. II. Traditional Problems in Computer Investigations
277. a. Inadequate Resources
278. b. Lack of Communication and Cooperation among Agencies
279. c. Over-reliance on Automated Programs and Self-proclaimed Experts
280. d. Lack of Reporting
281. e. Evidence Corruption
282. IV. Disk Structure and Digital Evidence
283. a. Disk Structure and Data Storage
284. b. Partition Table
285. c. File Systems
286. c. Firmware—Operating Instructions
287. e. Data Integrity
288. V. Developing Computer Forensic Science Capabilities
289. VI. Minimum Housing Requirements
290. VII. Minimum Hardware Requirements
291. VIII. Minimum Software Requirements
292. a. Data Preservation, Duplication, and Verification Tools
293. b. Data Recovery/Extraction Utilities
294. c. Data Analysis Software
295. d. Reporting Software
296. e. Miscellaneous Software
297. IX. A Sampling of Popular Forensic Software
298. a. Guidance Software
299. b. Access Data
300. c. Other Forensic Utilities
301. X. Conclusions
302. Discussion Questions
303. Recommended Reading
304. Web Resources
305. Endnotes
306. Chapter 11 SEARCHING AND SEIZING COMPUTER-RELATED EVIDENCE
307. I. Traditional Problems Associated with Finding Digital Evidence
308. II. Pre-search Activities
309. a. Warrant Preparation and Application
310. b. Plan Preparation and Personnel Gathering
311. c. Preparing a Toolkit
312. d. Traditional Equipment
313. e. Computer-Specific Equipment and Materials
314. III. On-scene Activities
315. a. Knock, Notice, and Document
316. b. Securing the Crime Scene
317. c. Determining the Need for Additional Assistance
318. d. Scene Processing
319. e. Locating Evidence
320. f. Seizure and Documentation of Evidence
321. g. Bagging and Tagging
322. h. Interviewing Witnesses
323. i. Scene Departure and Transportation of Evidence to Lab
324. IV. Conclusions
325. Discussion Questions
326. Recommended Reading
327. Web Resources
328. Endnotes
329. Chapter 12 PROCESSING OF EVIDENCE AND REPORT PREPARATION
330. I. Aspects of Data Analysis
331. a. Establish Forensically Sterile Conditions
332. b. Ensure Legitimacy and Capabilities of Analysis Tools
333. c. Physical Examination
334. d. Creation and Verification of Image
335. e. Jumping the CMOS Password
336. f. Short-Circuiting the Chip
337. g. Pulling the Battery
338. h. Recovering Passwords
339. i. Image Verification
340. j. Logical Examination
341. k. Restoration of Files
342. l. Listing of Files
343. m. Examine Unallocated Space for Data Remnants
344. n. Unlocking Files
345. q. Examination of User Data Files
346. r. Piping of Evidence
347. s. Examination of Executable Programs
348. t. Evidence from Internet Activity
349. II. Non-Windows Operating Systems
350. a. Macintosh Operating System
351. b. Linux/Unix Operating Systems
352. III. Smart Phones and GPS Forensics
353. a. Smartphones
354. IV. A Sample of Popular Products
355. V. Naviation Sysstems
356. VI. Report Preparation and Final Documentation
357. VII. Conclusions
358. Discussion Questions
359. Recommended Reading
360. Web Resources
361. Endnotes
362. Chapter 13 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE ISSUES
363. I. Traditional Problems and Recommendations
364. a. Establishing Technology-Neutral Legislation
365. b. Establishing Accountability for Internet Users
366. c. Increasing Public Awareness and Research Capabilities
367. d. Increasing Interagency and Intradepartmental Cooperation
368. e. Developing Relationships between Investigative Agencies and the Private Sector
369. f. Developing International Cooperation
370. g. Standardization of Accreditation or Expertise
371. h. Miscellaneous
372. II. Additional Approaches to Internet Crime
373. III. Future Trends and Emerging Concerns
374. a. Wireless Communications
375. b. Data Hiding: Remote Storage, Encryption, and the Like
376. c. Governing Decency and Virtual Pornography
377. d. Data Mining and Increased Interoperability
378. IV. Conclusions
379. Discussion Questions
380. Web Resources
381. Endnotes
382. Bibliography
383. Index

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