Childs World 13th Edition Martorell Test Bank

1. Chapter 1 Studying a Child’s World
2. The Study of Child Development: Then and Now
3. Early Approaches
4. Developmental Psychology Becomes a Science
5. Studying the Life Span
6. New Frontiers
7. The Study of Child Development: Basic Concepts
8. Domains of Development
9. Periods of Development
10. Influences on Development
11. Heredity, Environment, and Maturation
12. Contexts of Development
13. 1.1 Around the World Children of Immigrant Families
14. Normative and Nonnormative Influences
15. 1.2 The Everyday World Studying the Life Course: Growing Up in Hard Times
16. Timing of Influences: Critical or Sensitive Periods
17. An Emerging Consensus
18. 1.3 The Research World Is There a Critical Period for Language Acquisition?
19. summary and key terms
20. Chapter 2 A Child’s World: How We Discover It
21. Basic Theoretical Issues
22. Issue 1: Is Development Active or Reactive?
23. Issue 2: Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous?
24. Theoretical Perspectives
25. Perspective 1: Psychoanalytic
26. Perspective 2: Learning
27. Perspective 3: Cognitive
28. Perspective 4: Contextual
29. Perspective 5: Evolutionary/Sociobiological
30. A Shifting Balance
31. 2.1 The Research World The Adaptive Value of Immaturity
32. Research Methods
33. Quantitative and Qualitative Research
34. Sampling
35. Forms of Data Collection
36. Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research
37. Basic Research Designs
38. 2.2 Around the World Purposes of Cross-Cultural Research
39. Developmental Research Designs
40. Collaborative Research
41. Ethics of Research
42. Right to Informed Consent
43. Avoidance of Deception
44. Right to Self-Esteem
45. Right to Privacy and Confidentiality
46. summary and key terms
47. Chapter 3 Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment
48. Conceiving a New Life
49. Changing Theories of Conception
50. How Fertilization Takes Place
51. Infertility
52. Causes of Infertility
53. Treatments for Infertility
54. Alternative Ways to Parenthood: Assisted Reproductive Technology
55. 3.1 The Everyday World Multiple Births
56. Mechanisms of Heredity
57. The Genetic Code
58. What Determines Sex?
59. Patterns of Genetic Transmission
60. Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities
61. Dominant or Recessive Inheritance of Defects
62. Sex-Linked Inheritance of Defects
63. Chromosomal Abnormalities
64. Genetic Counseling and Testing
65. Nature and Nurture: Influences of Heredity and Environment
66. 3.2 The Research World Genetic Testing
67. Studying the Relative Influences of Heredity and Environment
68. How Heredity and Environment Work Together
69. Some Characteristics Influenced by Heredity and Environment
70. Physical and Physiological Traits
71. Intelligence
72. Personality
73. Psychopathology
74. summary and key terms
75. Chapter 4 Pregnancy and Prenatal Development
76. Prenatal Development: Three Stages
77. The Germinal Stage (Fertilization to 2 Weeks)
78. The Embryonic Stage (2 to 8 Weeks)
79. 4.1 Around the World Mourning a Miscarriage or Stillbirth
80. The Fetal Stage (8 Weeks to Birth)
81. Prenatal Development: Environmental Influences
82. Maternal Factors
83. 4.2 The Everyday World Fetal Welfare versus Mothers’ Rights
84. Paternal Factors
85. Monitoring and Promoting Prenatal Development
86. Disparities in Prenatal Care
87. The Need for Preconception Care
88. summary and key terms
89. Chapter 5 Birth and the Newborn Baby
90. Childbirth and Culture: How Birthing Has Changed
91. Reducing the Risks of Childbirth
92. Contemporary Settings for Childbirth
93. The Birth Process
94. Stages of Childbirth
95. Electronic Fetal Monitoring
96. Vaginal versus Cesarean Delivery
97. Medicated versus Nonmedicated Delivery
98. The Newborn Baby
99. Size and Appearance
100. 5.1 Around the World Having a Baby in the Himalayas
101. Body Systems
102. Medical and Behavioral Assessment
103. States of Arousal and Activity Levels
104. Complications of Childbirth—and Their Aftermath
105. Low Birth Weight
106. 5.2 The Everyday World Comforting a Crying Baby
107. Postmaturity
108. Stillbirth
109. Can a Supportive Environment Overcome Effects of Birth Complications?
110. Newborns and Parents
111. Infant Care: A Cross-Cultural View
112. Childbirth and Bonding
113. What Do Newborns Need from Their Mothers?
114. The Father’s Role
115. How Parenthood Affects Marital Satisfaction
116. summary and key terms
117. Chapter 6 Physical Development and Health during the First Three Years
118. Early Growth and Physical Development
119. Principles of Early Growth and Physical Development
120. Growth Patterns
121. Nutrition and Feeding Methods
122. Breast or Bottle?
123. Starting Solid Foods
124. Is Being Overweight a Problem in Infancy?
125. The Brain and Reflex Behavior
126. Building the Brain
127. 6.1 The Research World The Autism “Epidemic”
128. Early Reflexes
129. Molding the Brain: The Role of Experience
130. Early Sensory Capacities
131. Touch and Pain
132. Smell and Taste
133. Hearing
134. Sight
135. Motor Development
136. Milestones of Motor Development
137. Motor Development and Perception
138. Eleanor and James Gibson’s Ecological Theory of Perception
139. How Motor Development Occurs: Thelen’s Dynamic Systems Theory
140. Cultural Influences on Motor Development
141. Health
142. Reducing Infant Mortality
143. 6.2 Around the World Sleep Customs
144. Immunization for Better Health
145. Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect
146. Maltreatment in Infancy and Toddlerhood
147. Contributing Factors: An Ecological View
148. Helping Families in Trouble
149. Long-Term Effects of Maltreatment
150. summary and key terms
151. Chapter 7 Cognitive Development during the First Three Years
152. Studying Cognitive Development: Six Approaches
153. Behaviorist Approach: Basic Mechanics of Learning
154. Classical and Operant Conditioning
155. Infant Memory
156. Psychometric Approach: Developmental and Intelligence Testing
157. Testing Infants and Toddlers
158. Assessing the Impact of the Home Environment
159. Early Intervention
160. Piagetian Approach: The Sensorimotor Stage
161. Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage
162. Do Imitative Abilities Develop Earlier than Piaget Thought?
163. Development of Knowledge about Objects and Space
164. Evaluating Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage
165. Information-Processing Approach: Perceptions and Representations
166. Habituation
167. Visual and Auditory Processing Abilities
168. Information Processing as a Predictor of Intelligence
169. 7.1 The Everyday World Do Infants and Toddlers Watch Too Much Television?
170. Information Processing and the Development of Piagetian Abilities
171. Evaluating Information-Processing Research on Infants
172. Cognitive Neuroscience Approach: The Brain’s Cognitive Structures
173. Social-Contextual Approach: Learning from Interactions with Caregivers
174. Language Development
175. Sequence of Early Language Development
176. Characteristics of Early Speech
177. Classic Theories of Language Acquisition: The Nature-Nurture Debate
178. 7.2 Around the World Inventing Sign Language
179. Influences on Language Development
180. Preparing for Literacy: The Benefits of Reading Aloud
181. summary and key terms
182. Chapter 8 Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years
183. Foundations of Psychosocial Development
184. Emotions
185. Temperament
186. Developmental Issues in Infancy
187. Developing Trust
188. Developing Attachments
189. Emotional Communication with Caregivers: Mutual Regulation
190. 8.1 The Everyday World How Postpartum Depression Affects Early Development
191. Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood
192. The Emerging Sense of Self
193. Developing Autonomy
194. 8.2 Around the World Are Struggles with Toddlers Necessary?
195. The Roots of Moral Development: Socialization and Internalization
196. Gender: How Different Are Baby Boys and Girls?
197. Gender Differences in Infants and Toddlers
198. How Parents Shape Gender Differences
199. Contact with Other Children
200. Siblings
201. Sociability with Nonsiblings
202. Children of Working Parents
203. Effects of Maternal Employment
204. Early Child Care
205. summary and key terms
206. Chapter 9 Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood
207. Aspects of Physiological Development
208. Bodily Growth and Change
209. Sleep Patterns and Problems
210. Sleep Disturbances and Disorders
211. Bed-Wetting
212. Brain Development
213. Motor Development
214. Gross and Fine Motor Skills
215. Handedness
216. Artistic Development
217. Health and Safety
218. Nutrition: Preventing Obesity
219. 9.1 Around the World Surviving the First Five Years of Life
220. Undernutrition
221. 9.2 The Everyday World Food Security
222. Food Allergies
223. Oral Health
224. Accidental Injuries and Deaths
225. Health in Context: Environmental Influences
226. summary and key terms
227. Chapter 10 Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
228. Piagetian Approach: The Preoperational Child
229. Advances of Preoperational Thought
230. Immature Aspects of Preoperational Thought
231. Do Young Children Have Theories of Mind?
232. 10.1 The Everyday World Imaginary Companions
233. Information-Processing Approach: Memory Development
234. Basic Processes and Capacities
235. Recognition and Recall
236. Forming and Retaining Childhood Memories
237. Intelligence: Psychometric and Vygotskian Approaches
238. Traditional Psychometric Measures
239. Influences on Measured Intelligence
240. Testing and Teaching Based on Vygotsky’s Theory
241. Language Development
242. Vocabulary
243. Grammar and Syntax
244. Pragmatics and Social Speech
245. Delayed Language Development
246. Preparation for Literacy
247. 10.2 The Research World Private Speech: Piaget versus Vygotsky
248. Media and Cognition
249. Early Childhood Education
250. Types of Preschools
251. Compensatory Preschool Programs
252. The School of the Twenty-First Century: Universal Preschool
253. The Child in Kindergarten
254. summary and key terms
255. Chapter 11 Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood
256. The Developing Self
257. The Self-Concept and Cognitive Development
258. Self-Esteem
259. Understanding and Regulating Emotions
260. Erikson: Initiative versus Guilt
261. Gender
262. Gender Differences
263. Perspectives on Gender Development
264. Play: The Business of Early Childhood
265. Cognitive Levels of Play
266. 11.1 The Research World Does Play Have an Evolutionary Basis?
267. The Social Dimension of Play
268. How Gender Influences Play
269. How Culture Influences Play
270. Parenting
271. Forms of Discipline
272. 11.2 The Everyday World The Case against Corporal Punishment
273. Parenting Styles
274. Special Behavioral Concerns
275. Prosocial Behavior
276. Aggression
277. Fearfulness
278. Relationships with Other Children
279. Sibling Relationships
280. The Only Child
281. Playmates and Friends
282. summary and key terms
283. Chapter 12 Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood
284. Aspects of Physical Development
285. Height and Weight
286. Tooth Development and Dental Care
287. Brain Development
288. Nutrition and Sleep
289. Nutritional Needs
290. Sleep Patterns and Problems
291. Motor Development and Physical Play
292. Recess-Time Play
293. Organized Sports
294. Health and Safety
295. Overweight and Body Image
296. 12.1 The Everyday World Do Barbie Dolls Affect Girls’ Body Image?
297. Medical Conditions
298. Factors in Health and Access to Health Care
299. Accidental Injuries
300. 12.2 Around the World How Cultural Attitudes Affect Health Care
301. Mental Health
302. Common Emotional Disturbances
303. Treatment Techniques
304. summary and key terms
305. Chapter 13 Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
306. Piagetian Approach: The Concrete Operational Child
307. Cognitive Advances
308. Influences of Neurological Development and Schooling
309. Moral Reasoning
310. Information-Processing Approach: Attention, Memory, and Planning
311. How Do Executive Skills Develop?
312. Selective Attention
313. Working Memory
314. Metamemory: Understanding Memory
315. Mnemonics: Strategies for Remembering
316. Information Processing and Piagetian Tasks
317. Psychometric Approach: Assessment of Intelligence
318. The IQ Controversy
319. Influences on Intelligence
320. Is There More than One Intelligence?
321. Other Directions in Intelligence Testing
322. Language and Literacy
323. Vocabulary, Grammar, and Syntax
324. Pragmatics: Knowledge about Communication
325. Second-Language Learning
326. Literacy
327. The Child in School
328. Entering First Grade
329. Influences on School Achievement
330. 13.1 The Research World The Homework Debate
331. 13.2 The Everyday World The Math Wars
332. Educating Children with Special Needs
333. Children with Learning Problems
334. Gifted Children
335. summary and key terms
336. Chapter 14 Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood
337. The Developing Self
338. Self-Concept Development: Representational Systems
339. Industry versus Inferiority
340. Emotional Growth and Prosocial Behavior
341. The Child in the Family
342. Family Atmosphere
343. 14.1 The Research World Pass the Milk: Family Mealtimes and Child Well-Being
344. Family Structure
345. Sibling Relationships
346. The Child in the Peer Group
347. Positive and Negative Effects of Peer Relations
348. Gender Differences in Peer-Group Relationships
349. Popularity
350. Friendship
351. Aggression and Bullying
352. Stress and Resilience
353. Stresses of Modern Life
354. Coping with Stress: The Resilient Child
355. 14.2 The Everyday World Talking with Children about Terrorism and War
356. summary and key terms
357. Chapter 15 Physical Development and Health in Adolescence
358. Adolescence: A Developmental Transition
359. Adolescence as a Social Construction
360. 15.1 Around the World The Globalization of Adolescence
361. Adolescence: A Time of Opportunities and Risks
362. Puberty: The End of Childhood
363. How Puberty Begins: Hormonal Changes
364. Timing, Signs, and Sequence of Puberty and Sexual Maturity
365. Implications of Early and Late Maturation
366. The Adolescent Brain
367. Physical and Mental Health
368. Physical Activity
369. Sleep Needs and Problems
370. Nutrition and Eating Disorders
371. Use and Abuse of Drugs
372. Depression
373. Death in Adolescence
374. Protective Factors: Health in Context
375. summary and key terms
376. Chapter 16 Cognitive Development in Adolescence
377. Aspects of Cognitive Maturation
378. Piaget’s Stage of Formal Operations
379. Elkind: Immature Characteristics of Adolescent Thought
380. Language Development
381. Changes in Information Processing in Adolescence
382. Moral Development
383. Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
384. 16.1 The Research World Fowler’s Stages of Faith
385. Gilligan’s Theory: An Ethic of Care
386. Prosocial Behavior and Volunteer Activity
387. Educational and Vocational Issues
388. Influences on School Achievement
389. 16.2 The Everyday World Multitasking and Gen M
390. Dropping Out of High School
391. Preparing for Higher Education or Vocations
392. summary and key terms
393. Chapter 17 Psychosocial Development in Adolescence
394. The Search for Identity
395. Erikson: Identity versus Identity Confusion
396. Marcia: Identity Status—Crisis and Commitment
397. Gender Differences in Identity Formation
398. Ethnic Factors in Identity Formation
399. Sexuality
400. Sexual Orientation and Identity
401. Sexual Behavior
402. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
403. Teenage Pregnancy and Childbearing
404. 17.1 Around the World Preventing Teenage Pregnancy
405. Relationships with Family and Peers
406. Is Adolescent Rebellion a Myth?
407. Changing Time Use and Changing Relationships
408. Adolescents and Parents
409. Adolescents and Siblings
410. Peers and Friends
411. Antisocial Behavior and Juvenile Delinquency
412. 17.2 The Everyday World The Youth Violence Epidemic
413. Becoming a Delinquent: Genetic and Neurological Factors
414. Becoming a Delinquent: How Family, Peer, and Community Influences Interact
415. Long-Term Prospects
416. Preventing and Treating Delinquency
417. Emerging Adulthood
418. summary and key terms
419. Glossary
420. Bibliography
421. Credits
422. Name Index
423. Subject Index

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