21st Century Astronomy 5th Edition Kay Solutions Manual

1. Chapter 1: Thinking Like an Astronomer
2. 1.1 Earth Occupies a Small Place in the Universe
3. 1.2 Science Is a Way of Viewing the Universe
4. 1.3 Astronomers Use Mathematics to Find Patterns
5. Origins: An Introduction
6. Summary
7. Exploration: The Scale of the Universe
8. Chapter 2: Patterns in the Sky—Motions of Earth and the Moon
9. 2.1 Earth Spins on Its Axis
10. 2.2 Revolution about the Sun Leads to Changes during the Year
11. 2.3 The Moon’s Appearance Changes as It Orbits Earth
12. 2.4 Calendars Are Based on the Day, Month, and Year
13. 2.5 Eclipses Result from the Alignment of Earth, the Moon, and the Sun
14. Origins: The Obliquity of Earth
15. Summary
16. Exploration: Phases of the Moon
17. Chapter 3: Motion of Astronomical Bodies
18. 3.1 The Motions of Planets in the Sky
19. 3.2 Kepler’s Laws Describe Planetary Motion
20. 3.3 Galileo’s Observations Supported the Heliocentric Model
21. 3.4 Newton’s Three Laws Help Explain How Celestial Bodies Move
22. Origins: Planets and Orbits
23. Summary
24. Exploration: Kepler’s Laws
25. Chapter 4: Gravity
26. 4.1 Gravity Is an Attractive Force between Objects
27. 4.2 An Orbit Is One Body “Falling Around” Another
28. 4.3 Tidal Forces Are Caused by Gravity
29. 4.4 Tidal Forces Affect Solid Bodies
30. Origins: Tidal Forces and Life
31. Summary
32. Exploration: Newton’s Laws
33. Chapter 5: Light
34. 5.1 Light Brings Us the News of the Universe
35. 5.2 The Quantum View of Matter Explains Spectral Lines
36. 5.3 The Doppler Shift Indicates Motion Toward or Away from Us
37. 5.4 Temperature Affects the Spectrum of Light That an Object Emits
38. 5.5 The Brightness of Light Depends on the Luminosity and Distance of the Source
39. Origins: Temperatures of Planets
40. Summary
41. Exploration: Light as a Wave
42. Chapter 6: The Tools of the Astronomer
43. 6.1 The Optical Telescope Revolutionized Astronomy
44. 6.2 Optical Detectors and Instruments Used with Telescopes
45. 6.3 Astronomers Observe in Wavelengths Beyond the Visible
46. 6.4 Planetary Spacecraft Explore the Solar System
47. 6.5 Other Tools Contribute to the Study of the Universe
48. Origins: Microwave Telescopes Detect Radiation from the Big Bang
49. Summary
50. Exploration: Geometric Optics and Lenses
51. Chapter 7: The Formation of Planetary Systems
52. 7.1 Planetary Systems Form around a Star
53. 7.2 The Solar System Began with a Disk
54. 7.3 The Inner Disk and Outer Disk Formed at Different Temperatures
55. 7.4 The Formation of Our Solar System
56. 7.5 Planetary Systems Are Common
57. Origins: The Search for Earth-Sized Planets
58. Summary
59. Exploration: Exploring Exoplanets
60. Chapter 8: The Terrestrial Planets and Earth’s Moon
61. 8.1 Impacts Help Shape the Evolution of the Planets
62. 8.2 Radiometric Dating Tells Us the Age of the Moon and the Solar System
63. 8.3 The Surface of a Terrestrial Planet Is Affected by Processes in the Interior
64. 8.4 Planetary Surfaces Evolve through Tectonism
65. 8.5 Volcanism Signifies a Geologically Active Planet
66. 8.6 The Geological Evidence for Water
67. Origins: The Death of the Dinosaurs
68. Summary
69. Exploration: Exponential Behavior
70. Chapter 9: Atmospheres of the Terrestrial Planets
71. 9.1 Atmospheres Change over Time
72. 9.2 Secondary Atmospheres Evolve
73. 9.3 Earth’s Atmosphere Has Detailed Structure
74. 9.4 The Atmospheres of Venus and Mars Differ from Earth’s
75. 9.5 Greenhouse Gases Affect Global Climates
76. Origins: Our Special Planet
77. Summary
78. Exploration: Climate Change
79. Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid—The Giant Planets
80. 10.1 The Giant Planets Are Large, Cold, and Massive
81. 10.2 The Giant Planets Have Clouds and Weather
82. 10.3 The Interiors of the Giant Planets Are Hot and Dense
83. 10.4 The Giant Planets Are Magnetic Powerhouses
84. 10.5 The Planets of Our Solar System Might Not Be Typical
85. Origins: Giant Planet Migration and the Inner Solar System
86. Summary
87. Exploration: Estimating Rotation Periods of the Giant Planets
88. Chapter 11: Planetary Moons and Rings
89. 11.1 Many Solar System Planets Have Moons
90. 11.2 Some Moons Have Geological Activity and Water
91. 11.3 Rings Surround the Giant Planets
92. 11.4 Ring Systems Have a Complex Structure
93. Origins: Extreme Environments
94. Summary
95. Exploration: Measuring Features on Io
96. Chapter 12: Dwarf Planets and Small Solar System Bodies
97. 12.1 Dwarf Planets May Outnumber Planets
98. 12.2 Asteroids Are Pieces of the Past
99. 12.3 Comets Are Clumps of Ice
100. 12.4 Meteorites Are Remnants of the Early Solar System
101. 12.5 Comet and Asteroid Collisions Still Happen Today
102. Origins: Comets, Asteroids, Meteoroids, and Life
103. Summary
104. Exploration: Asteroid Discovery
105. Chapter 13: Taking the Measure of Stars
106. 13.1 Astronomers Measure the Distance, Brightness, and Luminosity of Stars
107. 13.2 Astronomers Can Determine the Temperature, Size, and Composition of Stars
108. 13.3 Measuring the Masses of Stars in Binary Systems
109. 13.4 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram Is the Key to Understanding Stars
110. Origins: Habitable Zones
111. Summary
112. Exploration: H-R Diagram
113. Chapter 14: Our Star — The Sun
114. 14.1 The Sun Is Powered by Nuclear Fusion
115. 14.2 Energy Is Transferred from the Interior of the Sun
116. 14.3 The Atmosphere of the Sun
117. 14.4 The Atmosphere of the Sun Is Very Active
118. Origins: The Solar Wind and Life
119. Summary
120. Exploration: The Proton-Proton Chain
121. Chapter 15: The Interstellar Medium and Star Formation
122. 15.1 The Interstellar Medium Fills the Space between the Stars
123. 15.2 Stars Form in Molecular Clouds
124. 15.3 Formation and Evolution of Protostars
125. 15.4 Evolution before the Main Sequence
126. Origins: Star Formation, Planets, and Life
127. Summary
128. Exploration: The Stellar Thermostat
129. Chapter 16: Evolution of Low-Mass Stars
130. 16.1 The Life of a Main-Sequence Star Depends on Its Mass
131. 16.2 The Star Leaves the Main Sequence
132. 16.3 Helium Fuses in the Degenerate Core
133. 16.4 Dying Stars Shed Their Outer Layers
134. 16.5 Binary Star Evolution
135. Origins: Stellar Lifetimes and Biological Evolution
136. Summary
137. Exploration: Evolution of Low-Mass Stars
138. Chapter 17: Evolution of High-Mass Stars
139. 17.1 High-Mass Stars Follow Their Own Path
140. 17.2 High-Mass Stars Go Out with a Bang
141. 17.3 The Spectacle and Legacy of Supernovae
142. 17.4 Star Clusters Are Snapshots of Stellar Evolution
143. Origins: Seeding the Universe with New Chemical Elements
144. Summary
145. Exploration: The CNO Cycle
146. Chapter 18: Relativity and Black Holes
147. 18.1 Relative Motion Affects Measured Velocities
148. 18.2 Special Relativity Explains How Time and Space Are Related
149. 18.3 Gravity Is a Distortion of Spacetime
150. 18.4 Black Holes
151. Origins: Gamma-Ray Bursts
152. Summary
153. Exploration: Black Holes
154. Chapter 19: Galaxies
155. 19.1 Galaxies Come in Different Shapes and Sizes
156. 19.2 Astronomers Use Several Methods to Find Distances to Galaxies
157. 19.3 Galaxies Are Mostly Dark Matter
158. 19.4 Most Galaxies Have a Supermassive Black Hole at the Center
159. Origins: Habitability in Galaxies
160. Summary
161. Exploration: Galaxy Classification
162. Chapter 20: The Milky Way—A Normal Spiral Galaxy
163. 20.1 Astronomers Have Measured the Size and Structure of the Milky Way
164. 20.2 The Components of the Milky Way Reveal Its Evolution
165. 20.3 Most of the Milky Way Is Unseen
166. 20.4 The History and Future of the Milky Way
167. Origins: The Galactic Habitable Zone
168. Summary
169. Exploration: The Center of the Milky Way
170. Chapter 21: The Expanding Universe
171. 21.1 The Cosmological Principle
172. 21.2 The Universe Began in the Big Bang
173. 21.3 Expansion Is Described with a Scale Factor
174. 21.4 Astronomers Observe Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
175. Origins: Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
176. Summary
177. Exploration: Hubble’s Law for Balloons
178. Chapter 22: Cosmology
179. 22.1 Gravity and the Expansion of the Universe
180. 22.2 The Accelerating Universe
181. 22.3 Inflation Solves Several Problems in Cosmology
182. 22.4 The Earliest Moments of the Universe Connect the Very Largest Size Scales to the Very Smallest
183. 22.5 Superstring Theory and Multiverses
184. Origins: Our Own Universe Must Support Life
185. Summary
186. Exploration: Studying Particles
187. Chapter 23: Large-Scale Structure in the Universe
188. 23.1 Galaxies Form Groups, Clusters, and Larger Structures
189. 23.2 Gravity Forms Large-Scale Structure
190. 23.3 First Light of Stars and Galaxies
191. 23.4 Galaxies Evolve
192. Origins: We Are the 4 or 5 Percent
193. Summary
194. Exploration: The Story of a Proton
195. Chapter 24: Life
196. 24.1 Life Evolves on Earth
197. 24.2 Life Involves Complex Chemical Processes
198. 24.3 Where Do Astronomers Look for Life?
199. 24.4 Scientists Are Searching for Signs of Intelligent Life
200. Origins: The Fate of Life on Earth
201. Summary
202. Exploration: Exploring the Habitable Zone
203. Current Research Updates
204. 2022.1 Formation of Stars and Planets
205. 2022.2 Black Holes
206. Appendix 1: Mathematical Tools
207. Appendix 2: Physical Constants and Units
208. Appendix 3: Periodic Table of the Elements
209. Appendix 4: Properties of Planets, Dwarf Planets, and Moons
210. Appendix 5: Space Missions
211. Appendix 6: Brightest Stars
212. Appendix 7: Observing the Sky
213. Appendix 8: Uniform Circular Motion and Circular Orbits
214. Glossary
215. Selected Answers
216. Credits
217. Index

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