Corrections From Research to Policy to Practice 1st Edition Stohr Test Bank

1. Part I • Foundations of Corrections
2. Chapter 1 • The Philosophical and Ideological Underpinnings of Corrections
3. What Is Punishment?
4. Introduction: What Is Corrections?
5. From Arrest to Punishment
6. The Theoretical Underpinnings of Corrections
7. The Foundation of Correctional Punishment
8. Perspective From a Practitioner: Robert Bayer, Former Director of Corrections and Prison Warden; Currently an Adjunct Professor and Prison Consultant
9. The Emergence of the Classical School
10. The Emergence of Positivism: Should Punishment Fit the Offender or the Offense?
11. The Function of Punishment
12. The Philosophical Assumptions Behind Justifications for Punishment
13. The Major Punishment Justifications
14. Retribution
15. Deterrence
16. Incapacitation
17. Selective Incapacitation
18. Rehabilitation
19. Policy and Research: Economists Look at Incapacitation
20. Ethical Issue 1.1: What Would You Do?
21. Reintegration
22. The Due Process and Crime Control Models
23. The Crime Control Model
24. The Due Process Model
25. Choosing a Model
26. Summary
27. Key Terms
28. Discussion Questions
29. Useful Internet Sites
30. Chapter 2 • Early Corrections: From Ancient Times to Colonial Jails and Prisons
31. Narrative of Three Men Placed in the Missouri State Prison For Helping Slaves Escape via the Underground Railroad (1847)
32. Introduction: The Evolving Practice of Corrections
33. Themes: Truths That Underlie Correctional Practice
34. Early Punishments in Westernized Countries
35. The First Jails
36. Galley Slavery
37. Poverty and Bridewells, Debtors’ Prisons, and Houses of Correction
38. In Focus 2.1: The Tower of London
39. Transportation
40. Ethical Issue 2.1: What Would you Do?
41. Enlightenment—Paradigm Shift
42. Spock Falls in Love
43. Ethical Issue 2.2 What Would you Do?
44. John Howard
45. Bentham and Beccaria
46. In Focus 2.2: Modern-Day John Howard—Dr. Ken Kerle
47. William Penn
48. Colonial Jails and Prisons
49. Comparative Perspective
50. Early European and British Prisons
51. Perspective From a Practitioner: Marianne Fisher-Giorlando, Board Member of Louisiana State Penitentiary Museum Foundation, Chair of the Education Committee, and Member of The Accession/Deaccession Committee
52. Summary
53. Key Terms
54. Discussion Questions
55. Useful Internet Sites
56. Chapter 3 • Correctional History: Early Prisons to Corrections Today
57. Jim Crow Treatment in Prisons
58. Introduction: The Grand Reforms
59. Early Modern Prisons
60. The Walnut Street Jail
61. Newgate Prison, New York City
62. Emerging Prison Models
63. The Pennsylvania Prison Model (Separate System)
64. Auburn, Sing Sing, and the New York (Congregate) System
65. Ethical Issue 3.1: What Would You Do?
66. In Focus 3.1: Charles Dickens’s Impressions of Eastern State Penitentiary and the Silent System in 1842
67. In Focus 3.2: The Pentonville Prison
68. Early Prisons and Jails Not Reformed
69. Prisons: “The Shame of Another Generation”
70. Dorothea Dix’s Evaluation of Prisons and Jails
71. In Focus 3.3: Lewis E. Lawes’s Observations About Sing Sing History and Discipline
72. The Failure of Reform Is Noted
73. Ethical Issue 3.2: What Would You Do?
74. The Renewed Promise of Reform
75. The 1870 American Prison Congress
76. Elmira
77. The Creation of Probation and Parole
78. American Corrections in the 20th and 21st Centuries
79. Southern and Northern Prisons and the Contract and Lease Systems
80. Correctional Institutions or Warehouse Prisons?
81. Themes That Prevail in Correctional History
82. Perspective From a Practitioner: Pat Mahoney, Alcatraz Corrections Officer and Boat Captain
83. Summary
84. Key Terms
85. Discussion Questions
86. Useful Internet Sites
87. Chapter 4 • Ethics and Corrections
88. A Novice Bows to Subcultural Pressure
89. Introduction: To Do the Right Thing!
90. Defining Ethics: What Is Right (and Wrong)?
91. In Focus 4.1: A Lack of Ethics: Florida’s Youth Services International Private Prisons for Youth
92. Ethical Foundation for Professional Practice
93. Ethical Formalism
94. Policy and Research: Mentally Ill Inmate Dies at Rikers
95. Utilitarianism
96. Religious Perspective
97. Natural Law
98. Ethics of Virtue
99. Ethics of Care
100. Egoism
101. Why People Behave Unethically
102. Official Deviance
103. Ethical Issue 4.1: What Would You Do?
104. Noble Cause Corruption
105. In Focus 4.2: Subcultural Values of Probation and Parole Officers
106. Subculture
107. How to Prevent Unethical Behavior and Promote Ethical Work Practices
108. In Focus 4.3: The Abuse of Solitary Confinement in Florida
109. War on Drugs = Attack on Ethics?
110. Ethical Issue 4.2: What Would You Do?
111. Summary
112. Key Terms
113. Discussion Questions
114. Useful Internet Sites
115. Part II • The Correctional System
116. Chapter 5 • Sentencing: The Application of Punishment
117. Vindictive Versus Sensible Sentencing
118. Introduction: What Is Sentencing?
119. Types of Sentences
120. Indeterminate Sentence
121. Determinate Sentence
122. Mandatory Sentence
123. Concurrent and Consecutive Sentences
124. Habitual Offender Statutes
125. Alternatives to Incarceration
126. Plea Bargaining
127. Ethical Issue 5.1: What Would You Do?
128. In Focus 5.1: Sentencing by Civil Commitment for Sex Offenders
129. Benefits of Plea Bargains
130. Criticisms of Plea Bargains
131. In Focus 5.2: Extension of the Due Process Model to Sentencing
132. Impact Statements at Sentencing
133. Victim Impact Statements
134. Sentencing Disparities: Legitimate and Illegitimate
135. Policy and Research: Sentencing for Crack Versus Powder Cocaine
136. Structuring Judicial Sentencing Choices
137. The Presentence Investigation Report
138. In Focus 5.3: Example of a Presentence Investigation Report
139. Ethical Issue 5.2: What Would You Do?
140. Sentencing Guidelines
141. Perspective From a Practitioner: Laura Kiehl, Presentence Investigator
142. The Future of Sentencing Guidelines
143. In Focus 5.4: Policy Statement of the American Correctional Association Regarding Sentencing
144. Summary
145. Key Terms
146. Discussion Questions
147. Useful Internet Sites
148. Chapter 6 • Jails and Detention Centers
149. A Mentally Ill Inmate in the Dona Ana County Jail, New Mexico
150. Introduction: The Community Institution
151. Jail Types
152. Jail Inmates and Their Processing
153. Trends in Jail Populations
154. Overcrowding
155. Perspective From a Practitioner: Brian Cole, County Corrections Director
156. Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Juveniles
157. Policy and Research: High Schools in Jails
158. The Poor and the Mentally Ill
159. In Focus 6.1: An Account of Suicide, Mental Health, and the Need for Increased Mental Health Services
160. Medical Problems
161. Elderly Inmates
162. Female Inmates
163. Juvenile Inmates
164. Rights to Medical Care
165. Substance Abuse and Jails
166. Suicides, Gangs, and Sexual Violence in Jails
167. Suicides
168. Gangs
169. Sexual Violence
170. Ethical Issue 6.1: What Would You Do?
171. Innovations in Jails
172. New-Generation, or Podular Direct Supervision Jails
173. In Focus 6.2: Prison Rape Elimination Act Controversy
174. Community Jails
175. Ethical Issue 6.2: What Would You Do?
176. Coequal Staffing
177. Reentry Programs for Jails
178. Release on Recognizance and Bail Programs for Jails
179. Summary
180. Key Terms
181. Discussion Questions
182. Useful Internet Sites
183. Chapter 7 • Special Problem-Solving Courts in Corrections
184. Veterans Courts in Action
185. Introduction: What Are Problem-Solving Courts?
186. Drug Courts
187. The Drug Court Process
188. Some Pros and Cons of Drug Courts
189. Ethical Issue 7.1: What Would You Do?
190. Policy and Research: Evaluating Drug Court Performance
191. New Jersey Drug Court Program: Testimonials
192. Ethical Issue 7.2: What Would You Do?
193. Mental Health Courts
194. The Mental Health Court Process
195. Some Pros and Cons of Mental Health Courts
196. Veterans Courts
197. The Veterans Court Process
198. Some Pros and Cons of Veterans Courts
199. Domestic Violence Courts
200. The Domestic Violence Court Process
201. Perspective From a Practitioner: Honorable Judge Robert Russell, Judge of Buffalo Treatment Courts and Acting Judge of Erie County Court
202. Community Courts
203. The Community Court Process
204. Summary
205. Key Terms
206. Discussion Questions
207. Useful Internet Sites
208. Chapter 8 • Community Corrections: Probation and Intermediary Sanctions
209. Betty’s Reproductive Rights Versus the Protection of Children and Society
210. Introduction: The Origins of Probation
211. Founding Fathers of Probation: John Augustus and Matthew Davenport Hill
212. Probation Today
213. Why Do We Need Community Corrections?
214. The Probation Officer Role
215. Models of Probation Supervision
216. Ethical Issue 8.1: What Would You Do?
217. Ethical Issue 8.2: What Would You Do?
218. Probation Officer Stress
219. Perspective From a Practitioner: Brian Fallock, Probation and Parole Agent
220. Policy and Research: The EPICS Model of Probation Supervision
221. Strategies to Reduce Recidivism
222. Probation Violations and Graduated Sanctions
223. Engaging the Community to Prevent Recidivism
224. In Focus 8.1: Becoming a Volunteer Probation Officer in Orange County
225. In Focus 8.2: Community Supervision and Recidivism
226. Intermediate Sanctions
227. Work Release
228. Intensive Supervision Probation
229. Shock Probation or Parole and Boot Camps
230. Victim–Offender Reconciliation Programs
231. Summary
232. Key Terms
233. Discussion Questions
234. Useful Internet Sites
235. Chapter 9 • Prisons and the Correctional Client
236. Kitchen Supervisor Sexually Abuses Two Male Inmates
237. Introduction: The State of Prisons
238. Prison Organizations
239. Classification
240. Prison Types and Levels
241. Prison Value?
242. Attributes of the Prison That Shape the Experience
243. Total Institutions, Mortification, Importation, Prisonization
244. Pains of Imprisonment
245. The Prison Subculture
246. Gangs and the Prison Subculture
247. Violence
248. Why Prisons Are Violent
249. The Amount of Violence
250. Sexual Assaults
251. In Focus 9.1: Alabama Prisons Violate the Constitution
252. Rioting
253. Solutions: Strategies to Reduce Violence, Mature Coping, and Social Support
254. Strategies to Reduce Violence
255. Mature Coping
256. Perspective from a Practitioner: Michael Klein, Correctional Officer
257. Social Support
258. Special Populations
259. The Elderly and the Physically and Mentally Ill
260. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Intersex Inmates
261. Summary
262. Key Terms
263. Discussion Questions
264. Useful Internet Sites
265. Chapter 10 • Classification and Assessment of Offenders
266. The Challenges of Classification
267. Introduction: What Is Classification and Assessment?
268. Predicting Behavior
269. Assessing Risks and Needs
270. The History of Classification and Assessment
271. Early Attempts at Classification
272. Classification Today
273. Ethical Issue 10.1: What Would You Do?
274. The National Institute of Corrections Custody Classification Model
275. Perspective From a Practitioner: Sheila Gibson, Assessment and Classification Specialist
276. Adult Internal Management System
277. Policy and Research: Assessment and Classification of Sex Offenders
278. Ethical Issue 10.2: What Would You Do?
279. Needs Assessment and Classification
280. Psychopathy Checklist–Revised
281. Assessment and Classification in Community Corrections
282. The Client Management Classification Assessment Instrument
283. Risk and Needs Assessment Scales
284. The Case Management Classification and Supervision Levels
285. Selective Intervention
286. Environmental Structure
287. Casework and Control
288. Limit Setting
289. Summary
290. Key Terms
291. Discussion Questions
292. Useful Internet Sites
293. Chapter 11 • Correctional Programming and Treatment
294. Life’s Turning Points
295. Introduction: The Rise and Fall (and Rise Again) of Rehabilitation
296. In Focus 11.1: The American Correctional Association 1870 Declaration on Treatment
297. The Shift From “Nothing Works” to “What Works?”
298. Ethical Issue 11.1: What Would You Do?
299. Evidence-Based Practices
300. Motivational Interviewing
301. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
302. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Criminal Thought
303. Substance Abuse Programming
304. Policy and Research: Can Psychopaths Be Treated?
305. Drug Treatment With Swift Consequences for Failure: HOPE Program
306. Therapeutic Communities
307. Perspective From a Practitioner: Margaret Jackson, Drug Treatment Specialist
308. Ethical Issue 11.2: What Would You Do?
309. Pharmacological Treatment
310. Anger Management
311. Sex Offenders and Their Treatment
312. Pharmacological Treatment
313. Mentally Ill Offenders
314. Educational and Vocational Programs
315. Summary
316. Key Terms
317. Discussion Questions
318. Useful Internet Sites
319. Chapter 12 • Parole and Prisoner Reentry
320. The Perils of Parole
321. Introduction: What Is Parole?
322. A Brief History of Parole
323. The Modern Parole System
324. In Focus 12.1: Example of Parole Conditions
325. Parolee Recidivism
326. Parole Boards
327. Perspective From a Practitioner: Lisa Growette Bostaph, Parole Commissioner
328. Ethical Issue 12.1: What Would You Do?
329. What Goes In Must Come Out: Prisoner Reentry Into the Community
330. The Impact of Imprisonment and Reentry on Communities
331. The Process of Reentry
332. The Role of Employment for Successful Reentry
333. Policy and Research: Offenders’ Attitudes Toward Parole
334. Determining Parole Success
335. Parole Violations
336. Approaches to Parole
337. Halfway Houses
338. House Arrest
339. Electronic Monitoring and Global Positioning Systems
340. Ethical Issue 12.2: What Would You Do?
341. Concluding Remarks on Reentry and Recidivism
342. Summary
343. Key Terms
344. Discussion Questions
345. Useful Internet Sites
346. Part III • Correctional Administration
347. Chapter 13 • Correctional Organizations and Their Management
348. Responses to Realignment
349. Introduction: Correctional Organizations and Their Management
350. Organizational-Level Factors That Affect Correctional Operations
351. Bureaucracies
352. Closed and Open Institutions
353. Total Institutions
354. Formal and Informal Organizations
355. Management Theories
356. Traditional Theories of Management
357. Human Relations Theories of Management
358. Combining Traditional and Human Relations Theories
359. Elements of Effective Organizations
360. Communication
361. Perspective From a Practitioner: Teri Herold-Prayer, Veteran Services Manager
362. Leadership and Why It Matters
363. Organizational Culture
364. Ethical Issue 13.1: What Would You Do?
365. Policy and Research: Management of Correctional Organizations
366. Summary
367. Key Terms
368. Discussion Questions
369. Useful Internet Sites
370. Chapter 14 • The Corrections Experience for Staff
371. John’s Tragic Story
372. Introduction: What Is a Profession?
373. The State of the Work in Correctional Institutions and Programs
374. Growth in Staff and Clients or Inmates
375. Perceived Benefits of Correctional Work
376. Collective Bargaining
377. Why Require More Education and Training?
378. Stanford Prison Experiment
379. Abu Ghraib
380. Ethics
381. In Focus 14.1: ACA Code of Ethics
382. Correctional Work Is Little Understood
383. Individual-Level Factors That Affect the Correctional Workplace
384. Race or Ethnicity and Gender
385. Perspective From a Practitioner: Michael Klein, Correctional Officer
386. Age
387. Prior Military Service
388. Correctional Roles
389. The Role Defined
390. Street-Level Bureaucrats
391. Hack Versus Human Service
392. The Subculture and Socialization
393. Ethical Issue 14.1: What Would You Do?
394. Subcultural Values
395. Staff Interactions With Inmates
396. The Defects of Total Power
397. The Correctional Role When Supervising Children
398. Policy and Research: Staff Stress, Burnout, and Turnover
399. Abuse of Power
400. Ethical Issue 14.2: What Would You Do?
401. Use of Force
402. Summary
403. Key Terms
404. Discussion Questions
405. Useful Internet Sites
406. Part IV • Correctional Clients
407. Chapter 15 • Women and Corrections
408. Supervising Is Different for Women
409. Introduction: Women and Corrections
410. History and Growth
411. The History of Women in Prisons
412. Race in Early Prisons
413. Discipline in Women’s Prisons
414. Hiring of Female Matrons
415. Houses of Refuge for Girls and Boys
416. Growth in Numbers of Women and Girls
417. Current Figures on the Number of Women and Girls in Corrections
418. Female Correctional Clients
419. Female Staff
420. Feminism
421. Females in Corrections: Needs, Programming, Abuse, and Adjustment
422. Needs and Programming
423. In Focus 15.1: Orange Is the New Black (or Not)
424. Abuse
425. Adjustment, Misconduct, and Pseudo Families
426. Ethical Issue 15.1: What Would You Do?
427. Policy and Research: Gender Pathways to Community Corrections, Jails, and Prisons
428. Female Correctional Officers
429. Overcoming Employment Obstacles
430. Perspective From a Practitioner: Kay Heinrich, Correctional Program Manager
431. Current Status
432. Ethical Issue 15.2: What Would You Do?
433. Summary
434. Key Terms
435. Discussion Questions
436. Useful Internet Sites
437. Chapter 16 • Minorities and Corrections
438. Undocumented Workers and Their Side of the Story
439. Introduction: Minorities and Corrections
440. Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination
441. Disparity and Discrimination
442. A Legacy of Racism
443. African Americans
444. Native Americans, or American Indians
445. In Focus 16.1: The Scottsboro Case
446. In Focus 16.2: Fourteen Examples of Racism in the Criminal Justice System
447. Hispanics, or Latinx
448. Asian Americans
449. Policy and Research: Documented Lynchings of Mexican Americans
450. The Connection Between Class and Race or Ethnicity
451. Minorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased Incarceration
452. The Drug War: The New Jim Crow?
453. Ethical Issue 16.1: What Would You Do?
454. Crack Versus Powder Cocaine
455. In Focus 16.3: Harsh Justice and the Scott Sisters
456. Racial Profiling and Driving While Black or Brown
457. Minorities: Adjustment to Incarceration
458. Ethical Issue 16.2: What Would You Do?
459. Victimization by Race and Ethnicity
460. Probation or Prison?
461. Perspective from a Practitioner: James Watkins, Classification Counselor
462. Minorities Working in Corrections
463. Summary
464. Key Terms
465. Discussion Questions
466. Useful Internet Sites
467. Chapter 17 • Juveniles and Corrections
468. Too Young for Life
469. Introduction: Delinquency and Status Offending
470. The Extent of Delinquency
471. The Juvenile Brain and Juvenile Behavior
472. Neuroscience Research
473. Brain Development
474. Family Demographics
475. History and Philosophy of Juvenile Justice
476. Childhood in the United States
477. The Beginning of the Juvenile Courts
478. Processing Juvenile Offenders
479. Juveniles Waived to Criminal Court
480. Extending Due Process to Juveniles
481. Policy and Research: Consequences of Juvenile Waivers
482. Ethical Issue 17.1: What Would You Do?
483. Juveniles and the Death Penalty
484. Perspective From a Practitioner: Skyler Brouwer, Juvenile Probation Officer
485. Ethical Issue 17.2: What Would You Do?
486. Juvenile Community Corrections
487. Intensive Probation
488. Residential and Institutional Juvenile Corrections
489. Summary
490. Key Terms
491. Discussion Questions
492. Useful Internet Sites
493. Part V • Special Topics in Corrections
494. Chapter 18 • Legal Issues in Corrections
495. Prison Without Law
496. Introduction: Legal Issues
497. The Rule of Law
498. The Hands-Off Period, 1866–1963
499. The Prisoners’ Rights Period, 1964–1978
500. Perspective from a Practitioner: Barbara Beldot, Attorney; Professor at the University of Houston, Downtown
501. The Deference Period, 1979–Present
502. Constitutional Rights
503. First Amendment
504. Fourth Amendment
505. In Focus 18.1: Muslim Inmates Agitate for Their Rights
506. In Focus 18.2: Any Complaints This Morning?
507. Ethical Issue 18.1: What Would You Do?
508. Eighth Amendment
509. Ethical Issue 18.2: What Would You Do?
510. Fourteenth Amendment
511. Policy and Research: Solitary Confinement, Mental Health, and the Eighth Amendment
512. The Civil Commitment of Sex Offenders
513. Criticisms of Civil Commitment
514. Curtailing Prisoner Petitions
515. Legal Issues in Probation and Parole
516. Due Process Rights
517. Constitutional Rights
518. Human Rights
519. Summary
520. Key Terms
521. Discussion Questions
522. Useful Internet Sites
523. Chapter 19 • The Death Penalty
524. A Very Unusual, Very Expensive Serial Killer
525. Introduction: The Death Penalty and Public Opinion
526. Methods of Execution Used in the United States
527. Challenges to the Death Penalty
528. Legal Challenges
529. Does the Death Penalty Deter?
530. Financial Costs and the Death Penalty
531. Racial Disparity in Death Sentences
532. The Issue of Victim’s Race
533. In Focus 19.1: Karl Marx on Capital Punishment and Brutalization
534. The Death Penalty and Social Class
535. Women and the Death Penalty
536. The Chivalry Hypothesis
537. The Evil Woman Hypothesis
538. The Death Penalty and Mental Disability and Mental Illness
539. Policy and Research: The Issue of Innocence
540. Mental Disability
541. Mental Illness
542. Ethical Issue 19.1: What Would You Do?
543. Ethical Issue 19.2: What Would You Do?
544. The Innocence Revolution
545. Some Concerns With DNA Technology
546. Perspective From a Practitioner: Ginny Hatch, Investigator With the Federal Defender’s Office, Volunteer Investigator With the Innocence Project, and Adjunct Professor of Criminal Justice at Boise State University
547. Some Concerns With Neuroimaging Technology
548. Summary
549. Key Terms
550. Discussion Questions
551. Useful Internet Sites
552. Chapter 20 • Comparative Corrections : Punishment in Other Countries
553. The Debate Over Corporal Punishment
554. Introduction: The Importance of Comparative Corrections
555. The United Kingdom and the Common Law System
556. Sentencing in England and Wales
557. Community Corrections in England and Wales
558. Ethical Issue 20.1: What Would You Do?
559. Prisons in England and Wales
560. France and the Civil Law System
561. Perspective From a Practitioner: Cyndi Banks, Comparative Criminal Justice Scholar; Chair and Professor, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice
562. Sentencing in France
563. Community Corrections in France
564. Prisons in France
565. China and the Socialist Law System
566. Sentencing in China
567. Chinese Community Corrections
568. Chinese Prisons
569. The Death Penalty in China
570. Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Law System
571. Saudi Punishments
572. Ethical Issue 20.2: What Would You Do?
573. Policy and Research: Is the United States Hard or Soft on Crime?
574. Summary
575. Key Terms
576. Discussion Questions
577. Useful Internet Sites
578. Chapter 21 • Corrections in the 21st Century
579. Can We Cure Criminality?
580. Introduction: Learning From the Past So That We Have Hope for the Future
581. Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections
582. Decarceration
583. Explanations for the Decline in the Use of Incarceration
584. The Recession and Decreased Use of Incarceration
585. Implications of Decarceration and the Need for a Plan of Action
586. Penal Help Versus Penal Harm
587. Professionalization
588. Corrections Is a Relationship Business
589. Privatization
590. The Profit Motive in Corrections
591. The Walnut Grove Correctional Facility
592. Idaho’s Own Private Prison
593. Ethical Issue 21.1: What Would You Do?
594. The Extent of Privatization and Its Problems
595. Concluding Thoughts
596. Summary
597. Key Terms
598. Discussion Questions
599. Useful Internet Sites
600. Chapter Pretest Answers
601. Glossary
602. References
603. Index

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